CH12 Unit 5: Acids and Bases — 酸和碱 完整解答¶
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创建日期: 2026-02-18
最后更新: 2026-02-18
5.1 Acids and Bases — 酸和碱¶
Q1¶
EN (Original): What is the definition of a Bronsted-Lowry acid?
中文翻译: 布朗斯特-洛瑞酸的定义是什么?
Answer 答案:
EN: A Bronsted-Lowry acid is a proton (H⁺) donor — a substance that donates a hydrogen ion to another substance.
中文: 布朗斯特-洛瑞酸是质子(H⁺)供体 — 向另一物质提供氢离子的物质。
Q2¶
EN (Original): What are the two ways we write the formula for a proton?
中文翻译: 质子的化学式有哪两种写法?
Answer 答案:
EN: H⁺ (bare proton) and H₃O⁺ (hydronium ion, proton bonded to water).
中文: H⁺(裸质子)和 H₃O⁺(水合氢离子,质子与水结合)。
Q3¶
EN (Original): What is the definition of a Bronsted-Lowry base?
中文翻译: 布朗斯特-洛瑞碱的定义是什么?
Answer 答案:
EN: A Bronsted-Lowry base is a proton (H⁺) acceptor — a substance that accepts a hydrogen ion from another substance.
中文: 布朗斯特-洛瑞碱是质子(H⁺)受体 — 从另一物质接受氢离子的物质。
Q4¶
EN (Original): What is the definition of an Arrhenius acid?
中文翻译: 阿伦尼乌斯酸的定义是什么?
Answer 答案:
EN: An Arrhenius acid is a substance that produces H⁺ ions (or H₃O⁺) when dissolved in water.
中文: 阿伦尼乌斯酸是溶于水时产生 H⁺ 离子(或 H₃O⁺) 的物质。
Q5¶
EN (Original): What is the definition of an Arrhenius base?
中文翻译: 阿伦尼乌斯碱的定义是什么?
Answer 答案:
EN: An Arrhenius base is a substance that produces OH⁻ ions when dissolved in water.
中文: 阿伦尼乌斯碱是溶于水时产生 OH⁻ 离子 的物质。
Q6¶
EN (Original): What is the definition of a salt?
中文翻译: 盐的定义是什么?
Answer 答案:
EN: A salt is an ionic compound formed from the neutralization reaction of an acid and a base. The cation comes from the base and the anion comes from the acid (excluding H⁺ and OH⁻).
中文: 盐是由酸碱中和反应生成的离子化合物。阳离子来自碱,阴离子来自酸(不含 H⁺ 和 OH⁻)。
Q7¶
EN (Original): What is the definition of an amphiprotic compound?
中文翻译: 两性化合物的定义是什么?
Answer 答案:
EN: An amphiprotic compound can act as both an acid (proton donor) and a base (proton acceptor). Examples: H₂O, HSO₄⁻, HCO₃⁻, HPO₄²⁻.
中文: 两性化合物既能充当酸(质子供体)也能充当碱(质子受体)。例如:H₂O、HSO₄⁻、HCO₃⁻、HPO₄²⁻。
Q8¶
EN (Original): Usually if you see OH you know you are seeing a base. What type of compound is the main exception to this rule?
中文翻译: 通常看到 OH 就知道是碱。什么类型的化合物是这个规则的主要例外?
Answer 答案:
EN: Alcohols (organic compounds) where the OH group is directly bonded to a carbon atom. Examples: CH₃OH (methanol), CH₃CH₂OH (ethanol). These are NOT bases — the C-O bond is too strong for OH⁻ to dissociate.
中文: 醇类(有机化合物),其中 OH 基团直接与碳原子相连。例如:CH₃OH(甲醇)、CH₃CH₂OH(乙醇)。它们不是碱——C-O 键太强,OH⁻ 不会解离。
✅ Answer Key 答案: Alcohols (OH directly bonded to carbon) — 一致 ✓
Q9¶
EN (Original): What are the four ways you can describe an acid or base to indicate that it is strong?
中文翻译: 有哪四种方式可以描述一种强酸或强碱?
Answer 答案:
EN:
- Fully ionizes (100% ionization / dissociation)
- Ka or Kb is very large (essentially infinite)
- Strong electrolyte (conducts electricity very well in solution)
- One-directional arrow (→) in equations (not ⇌)
中文:
- 完全电离(100% 电离/解离)
- Ka 或 Kb 极大(本质上无穷大)
- 强电解质(溶液导电性很强)
- 方程式中使用单向箭头(→)(而非 ⇌)
Q10¶
EN (Original): The hydroxides of which two groups on the periodic table form strong bases?
中文翻译: 周期表中哪两个族的氢氧化物形成强碱?
Answer 答案:
EN: Group 1 (alkali metals: LiOH, NaOH, KOH, etc.) and Group 2 (alkaline earth metals: Ca(OH)₂, Sr(OH)₂, Ba(OH)₂).
中文: 第 1 族(碱金属:LiOH、NaOH、KOH 等)和第 2 族(碱土金属:Ca(OH)₂、Sr(OH)₂、Ba(OH)₂)。
Q11¶
EN (Original): Complete and balance the following equations.
a) __ HBr(aq) + __ Na(s) → b) __ H₂SO₄(aq) + __ Sr(OH)₂(s) →
中文翻译: 完成并配平以下方程式。
Answer 答案:
a)
$$2\ \text{HBr}(aq) + 2\ \text{Na}(s) \rightarrow 2\ \text{NaBr}(aq) + \text{H}_2(g)$$
Na is an active metal reacting with acid → produces salt + hydrogen gas.
b)
$$\text{H}_2\text{SO}_4(aq) + \text{Sr(OH)}_2(s) \rightarrow \text{SrSO}_4(s) + 2\ \text{H}_2\text{O}(l)$$
Acid-base neutralization → salt + water. SrSO₄ is insoluble (Ksp = 3.4 × 10⁻⁷).
中文: a) 活泼金属 Na 与酸反应生成盐和氢气。b) 酸碱中和生成盐和水。SrSO₄ 不可溶。
✅ Answer Key 答案 (a): 2 HBr + 2 Na → 2 NaBr + H₂ — 一致 ✓
Q12¶
EN (Original): For each acid, state if it is monoprotic, diprotic or triprotic, and if strong or weak.
中文翻译: 对于每种酸,说明它是单质子酸、双质子酸还是三质子酸,以及是强酸还是弱酸。
Answer 答案:
| Acid 酸 | Protic Nature 质子性 | Weak/Strong 强弱 |
|---|---|---|
| HNO₃ | Monoprotic 单质子 | Strong 强 |
| H₂SO₃ | Diprotic 双质子 | Weak 弱 |
| H₃PO₄ | Triprotic 三质子 | Weak 弱 |
| HSO₄⁻ | Monoprotic 单质子 | Weak 弱 (Ka = 1.2 × 10⁻²) |
✅ Answer Key 答案: H₂SO₃ = diprotic, weak — 一致 ✓
Q13¶
EN (Original): Fill in the table with the correct conjugate acid or base.
中文翻译: 在表格中填入正确的共轭酸或碱。
Answer 答案:
| Acid 酸 | Base 碱 |
|---|---|
| HF | F⁻ |
| HSO₄⁻ | SO₄²⁻ |
| H₂SO₃ | HSO₃⁻ |
EN — Rule: Remove one H⁺ from the acid to get its conjugate base. Add one H⁺ to the base to get its conjugate acid.
中文: 酸去掉一个 H⁺ 得到共轭碱;碱加上一个 H⁺ 得到共轭酸。
✅ Answer Key 答案: HSO₄⁻ → SO₄²⁻ — 一致 ✓
Q14¶
EN (Original): Why is pure water able to conduct electricity?
中文翻译: 为什么纯水能导电?
Answer 答案:
EN: Pure water undergoes auto-ionization (self-ionization):
$$\text{H}_2\text{O}(l) + \text{H}_2\text{O}(l) \rightleftharpoons \text{H}_3\text{O}^+(aq) + \text{OH}^-(aq)$$
Although the extent is extremely small (Kw = 1.0 × 10⁻¹⁴), the H₃O⁺ and OH⁻ ions produced are charge carriers that allow very weak electrical conductivity.
中文: 纯水发生自电离:H₂O + H₂O ⇌ H₃O⁺ + OH⁻。虽然程度极小(Kw = 1.0 × 10⁻¹⁴),但产生的 H₃O⁺ 和 OH⁻ 离子作为电荷载体,使纯水具有极弱的导电性。
Q15¶
EN (Original): What is the value of Kw at 25°C?
中文翻译: 25°C 时 Kw 的值是多少?
Answer 答案:
$$K_w = [\text{H}^+][\text{OH}^-] = 1.0 \times 10^{-14}$$
Q16¶
EN (Original): Is the dissociation of water an exothermic or endothermic process?
中文翻译: 水的解离是放热过程还是吸热过程?
Answer 答案:
EN: Endothermic (吸热). Energy is required to break O-H bonds during auto-ionization.
中文: 吸热(endothermic)。自电离过程需要能量来断裂 O-H 键。
Q17¶
EN (Original): What happens to Kw as you LOWER the temperature of water?
中文翻译: 降低水的温度时,Kw 会怎样变化?
Answer 答案:
EN: Kw decreases. Since the dissociation of water is endothermic, lowering the temperature shifts the equilibrium to the left (Le Chatelier's Principle), producing fewer H₃O⁺ and OH⁻ ions, resulting in a smaller Kw.
中文: Kw 减小。由于水的解离是吸热反应,降温使平衡左移(勒夏特列原理),产生更少的 H₃O⁺ 和 OH⁻,Kw 变小。
Q18¶
EN (Original): What is the [OH⁻] in a 50.0 mL solution of 0.075 M HClO₄?
中文翻译: 50.0 mL 的 0.075 M HClO₄ 溶液中,[OH⁻] 是多少?
Answer 答案:
EN: HClO₄ is a strong acid → fully ionizes: [H⁺] = 0.075 M
$$[\text{OH}^-] = \frac{K_w}{[\text{H}^+]} = \frac{1.0 \times 10^{-14}}{0.075} = \boxed{1.3 \times 10^{-13}\ \text{M}}$$
Note: The volume (50.0 mL) is not needed since the concentration is already given.
中文: HClO₄ 是强酸,完全电离:[H⁺] = 0.075 M。[OH⁻] = Kw / [H⁺] = 1.3 × 10⁻¹³ M。
✅ Answer Key 答案: 1.3×10⁻¹³ M — 一致 ✓
Q19¶
EN (Original): What is the [H⁺] in a 150.0 mL solution of 1.5×10⁻⁵ M Mg(OH)₂?
中文翻译: 150.0 mL 的 1.5×10⁻⁵ M Mg(OH)₂ 溶液中,[H⁺] 是多少?
Answer 答案:
EN: Mg(OH)₂ is a strong base → each formula unit gives 2 OH⁻:
$$[\text{OH}^-] = 2 \times 1.5 \times 10^{-5} = 3.0 \times 10^{-5}\ \text{M}$$
$$[\text{H}^+] = \frac{K_w}{[\text{OH}^-]} = \frac{1.0 \times 10^{-14}}{3.0 \times 10^{-5}} = \boxed{3.3 \times 10^{-10}\ \text{M}}$$
中文: Mg(OH)₂ 每单位提供 2 个 OH⁻,[OH⁻] = 3.0 × 10⁻⁵ M。[H⁺] = Kw / [OH⁻] = 3.3 × 10⁻¹⁰ M。
✅ Answer Key 答案: 3.3×10⁻¹⁰ M — 一致 ✓
5.2 Strength of Acids and Bases — 酸碱强度¶
Q20¶
EN (Original): The Relative Strengths of Acids and Bases Table will be used a lot. Which side of the table will you find acids on?
中文翻译: 酸碱相对强度表中,酸在表的哪一侧?
Answer 答案:
EN: Acids are found on the left side of the table.
中文: 酸在表的左侧。
Q21¶
EN (Original): When comparing two acids, will you find the stronger acid higher or lower on the table?
中文翻译: 比较两种酸时,较强的酸在表中更高还是更低?
Answer 答案:
EN: The stronger acid is higher on the table (larger Ka).
中文: 较强的酸在表中更高的位置(Ka 更大)。
Q22¶
EN (Original): When comparing two bases, will you find the stronger base higher or lower on the table?
中文翻译: 比较两种碱时,较强的碱在表中更高还是更低?
Answer 答案:
EN: The stronger base is lower on the table. (The conjugate base of a weaker acid is a stronger base.)
中文: 较强的碱在表中更低的位置。(越弱的酸,其共轭碱越强。)
Q23¶
EN (Original): Which acid is stronger between HNO₂ and HIO₃?
中文翻译: HNO₂ 和 HIO₃ 哪个更强?
Answer 答案:
EN: HIO₃ is stronger. Ka(HIO₃) = 1.7 × 10⁻¹ vs. Ka(HNO₂) = 4.6 × 10⁻⁴. HIO₃ has a much larger Ka and is higher on the table.
中文: HIO₃ 更强。Ka(HIO₃) = 0.17 远大于 Ka(HNO₂) = 4.6 × 10⁻⁴。
Q24¶
EN (Original): What are the conjugate bases of the acids in the previous question?
中文翻译: 上题中两种酸的共轭碱是什么?
Answer 答案:
- HNO₂ → NO₂⁻
- HIO₃ → IO₃⁻
Q25¶
EN (Original): Which of the two bases in the previous question is stronger?
中文翻译: 上题中哪种碱更强?
Answer 答案:
EN: NO₂⁻ is the stronger base. The conjugate base of the weaker acid is always the stronger base. HNO₂ is the weaker acid → NO₂⁻ is the stronger conjugate base.
中文: NO₂⁻ 更强。弱酸的共轭碱更强。HNO₂ 是较弱的酸 → NO₂⁻ 是更强的共轭碱。
Q26¶
EN (Original): Fill in SA, WA, SB, WB for:
H₃PO₄ + C₂O₄²⁻ ⇌ H₂PO₄⁻ + HC₂O₄⁻
中文翻译: 填入 SA(较强酸)、WA(较弱酸)、SB(较强碱)、WB(较弱碱)。
Answer 答案:
| H₃PO₄ | + | C₂O₄²⁻ | ⇌ | H₂PO₄⁻ | + | HC₂O₄⁻ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SA | SB | WB | WA |
EN: H₃PO₄ (Ka = 7.5 × 10⁻³) is higher on the table than HC₂O₄⁻ (Ka = 6.4 × 10⁻⁵), making it the stronger acid (SA). C₂O₄²⁻ is the conjugate base of the weaker acid HC₂O₄⁻, making it the stronger base (SB).
中文: H₃PO₄(Ka = 7.5 × 10⁻³)在表中比 HC₂O₄⁻(Ka = 6.4 × 10⁻⁵)高,是较强酸(SA)。C₂O₄²⁻ 是较弱酸的共轭碱,是较强碱(SB)。
Q27¶
EN (Original): Which is the favored side in Q26? Explain.
中文翻译: Q26 中平衡偏向哪一侧?解释原因。
Answer 答案:
EN: Products are favored. The stronger acid (SA = H₃PO₄) and stronger base (SB = C₂O₄²⁻) are on the reactant side. They react to form the weaker acid and weaker base on the product side. Equilibrium always favors the formation of the weaker conjugate pair → products.
中文: 产物端更有利。 较强酸(SA = H₃PO₄)和较强碱(SB = C₂O₄²⁻)在反应物端,它们反应生成较弱的共轭对。平衡总是偏向较弱的一侧 → 产物。
Q28¶
EN (Original): What 2 properties would you actually measure in a lab to determine the strength of an acid?
中文翻译: 在实验室中,你会测量哪两种性质来确定酸的强度?
Answer 答案:
EN:
- pH (using a pH meter or indicator) — lower pH at equal concentration = stronger acid
- Electrical conductivity — higher conductivity at equal concentration = more ions dissociated = stronger acid
中文:
- pH(用 pH 计或指示剂)— 相同浓度下 pH 越低 = 酸越强
- 导电性 — 相同浓度下导电性越强 = 解离离子越多 = 酸越强
Q29¶
EN (Original): What is the Ka and Kb for HPO₄²⁻?
中文翻译: HPO₄²⁻ 的 Ka 和 Kb 分别是多少?
Answer 答案:
EN:
Ka (HPO₄²⁻ acting as acid → PO₄³⁻ + H⁺):
$$K_a = 2.2 \times 10^{-13} \quad \text{(from data table, Ka3 of phosphoric acid)}$$
Kb (HPO₄²⁻ acting as base → H₂PO₄⁻ + OH⁻):
$$K_b = \frac{K_w}{K_a(\text{H}_2\text{PO}_4^-)} = \frac{1.0 \times 10^{-14}}{6.2 \times 10^{-8}} = \boxed{1.6 \times 10^{-7}}$$
Note: Since Kb > Ka, HPO₄²⁻ is a stronger base than acid → its solution is basic.
中文: Ka(HPO₄²⁻) = 2.2 × 10⁻¹³(直接查表)。Kb = Kw / Ka(H₂PO₄⁻) = 1.0 × 10⁻¹⁴ / 6.2 × 10⁻⁸ = 1.6 × 10⁻⁷。Kb > Ka,所以 HPO₄²⁻ 碱性更强。
✅ Answer Key 答案: 1.6×10⁻⁷ — 一致 ✓
Q30¶
EN (Original): What is the pOH of a 50.0 mL solution of 0.075 M HClO₄? Be careful with significant figures!
中文翻译: 50.0 mL 的 0.075 M HClO₄ 溶液的 pOH 是多少?注意有效数字!
Answer 答案:
EN: From Q18: [H⁺] = 0.075 M (2 sig figs)
$$\text{pH} = -\log(0.075) = 1.12 \quad \text{(2 decimal places for 2 sig figs)}$$
$$\text{pOH} = 14.00 - 1.12 = \boxed{12.88}$$
中文: [H⁺] = 0.075 M(2 位有效数字)。pH = -log(0.075) = 1.12。pOH = 14.00 - 1.12 = 12.88。
✅ Answer Key 答案: 12.88 — 一致 ✓
Q31¶
EN (Original): What is the pH of the solution in question 30?
中文翻译: Q30 中溶液的 pH 是多少?
Answer 答案:
$$\text{pH} = 14.00 - \text{pOH} = 14.00 - 12.88 = \boxed{1.12}$$
中文: pH = 14.00 - 12.88 = 1.12。
✅ Answer Key 答案: 1.12 — 一致 ✓
术语表 | Terminology¶
| English 英文 | Chinese 中文 | Definition 定义 |
|---|---|---|
| Bronsted-Lowry Acid | 布朗斯特-洛瑞酸 | Proton (H⁺) donor |
| Bronsted-Lowry Base | 布朗斯特-洛瑞碱 | Proton (H⁺) acceptor |
| Arrhenius Acid | 阿伦尼乌斯酸 | Produces H⁺ in water |
| Arrhenius Base | 阿伦尼乌斯碱 | Produces OH⁻ in water |
| Amphiprotic | 两性的 | Can act as both acid and base |
| Conjugate Acid-Base Pair | 共轭酸碱对 | Differ by one H⁺ |
| Ka | 酸解离常数 | Equilibrium constant for acid ionization |
| Kb | 碱解离常数 | Equilibrium constant for base ionization |
| Kw | 水的离子积 | [H⁺][OH⁻] = 1.0 × 10⁻¹⁴ at 25°C |
| Strong Electrolyte | 强电解质 | Fully dissociates in water |
| Auto-ionization | 自电离 | Water molecules reacting with each other to produce ions |
答案核对总表 | Answer Key Verification Summary¶
| Question | Our Answer | Answer Key | Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| Q8 | Alcohols (OH bonded to C) | Alcohols (OH bonded to C) | ✅ |
| Q11a | 2 HBr + 2 Na → 2 NaBr + H₂ | 2 HBr + 2 Na → 2 NaBr + H₂ | ✅ |
| Q12 (H₂SO₃) | Diprotic, Weak | Diprotic, Weak | ✅ |
| Q13 (HSO₄⁻) | SO₄²⁻ | SO₄²⁻ | ✅ |
| Q18 | 1.3 × 10⁻¹³ M | 1.3 × 10⁻¹³ M | ✅ |
| Q19 | 3.3 × 10⁻¹⁰ M | 3.3 × 10⁻¹⁰ M | ✅ |
| Q29 (Kb) | 1.6 × 10⁻⁷ | 1.6 × 10⁻⁷ | ✅ |
| Q30 | 12.88 | 12.88 | ✅ |
| Q31 | 1.12 | 1.12 | ✅ |
Result: 9/9 answers verified — 100% match ✅