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CH12 Unit 5: Acids and Bases — 酸和碱 完整解答

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创建日期: 2026-02-18
最后更新: 2026-02-18


5.1 Acids and Bases — 酸和碱

Q1

EN (Original): What is the definition of a Bronsted-Lowry acid?

中文翻译: 布朗斯特-洛瑞酸的定义是什么?


Answer 答案:

EN: A Bronsted-Lowry acid is a proton (H⁺) donor — a substance that donates a hydrogen ion to another substance.

中文: 布朗斯特-洛瑞酸是质子(H⁺)供体 — 向另一物质提供氢离子的物质。


Q2

EN (Original): What are the two ways we write the formula for a proton?

中文翻译: 质子的化学式有哪两种写法?


Answer 答案:

EN: H⁺ (bare proton) and H₃O⁺ (hydronium ion, proton bonded to water).

中文: H⁺(裸质子)和 H₃O⁺(水合氢离子,质子与水结合)。


Q3

EN (Original): What is the definition of a Bronsted-Lowry base?

中文翻译: 布朗斯特-洛瑞碱的定义是什么?


Answer 答案:

EN: A Bronsted-Lowry base is a proton (H⁺) acceptor — a substance that accepts a hydrogen ion from another substance.

中文: 布朗斯特-洛瑞碱是质子(H⁺)受体 — 从另一物质接受氢离子的物质。


Q4

EN (Original): What is the definition of an Arrhenius acid?

中文翻译: 阿伦尼乌斯酸的定义是什么?


Answer 答案:

EN: An Arrhenius acid is a substance that produces H⁺ ions (or H₃O⁺) when dissolved in water.

中文: 阿伦尼乌斯酸是溶于水时产生 H⁺ 离子(或 H₃O⁺) 的物质。


Q5

EN (Original): What is the definition of an Arrhenius base?

中文翻译: 阿伦尼乌斯碱的定义是什么?


Answer 答案:

EN: An Arrhenius base is a substance that produces OH⁻ ions when dissolved in water.

中文: 阿伦尼乌斯碱是溶于水时产生 OH⁻ 离子 的物质。


Q6

EN (Original): What is the definition of a salt?

中文翻译: 盐的定义是什么?


Answer 答案:

EN: A salt is an ionic compound formed from the neutralization reaction of an acid and a base. The cation comes from the base and the anion comes from the acid (excluding H⁺ and OH⁻).

中文: 盐是由酸碱中和反应生成的离子化合物。阳离子来自碱,阴离子来自酸(不含 H⁺ 和 OH⁻)。


Q7

EN (Original): What is the definition of an amphiprotic compound?

中文翻译: 两性化合物的定义是什么?


Answer 答案:

EN: An amphiprotic compound can act as both an acid (proton donor) and a base (proton acceptor). Examples: H₂O, HSO₄⁻, HCO₃⁻, HPO₄²⁻.

中文: 两性化合物既能充当酸(质子供体)也能充当碱(质子受体)。例如:H₂O、HSO₄⁻、HCO₃⁻、HPO₄²⁻。


Q8

EN (Original): Usually if you see OH you know you are seeing a base. What type of compound is the main exception to this rule?

中文翻译: 通常看到 OH 就知道是碱。什么类型的化合物是这个规则的主要例外?


Answer 答案:

EN: Alcohols (organic compounds) where the OH group is directly bonded to a carbon atom. Examples: CH₃OH (methanol), CH₃CH₂OH (ethanol). These are NOT bases — the C-O bond is too strong for OH⁻ to dissociate.

中文: 醇类(有机化合物),其中 OH 基团直接与碳原子相连。例如:CH₃OH(甲醇)、CH₃CH₂OH(乙醇)。它们不是碱——C-O 键太强,OH⁻ 不会解离。

Answer Key 答案: Alcohols (OH directly bonded to carbon) — 一致 ✓


Q9

EN (Original): What are the four ways you can describe an acid or base to indicate that it is strong?

中文翻译: 有哪四种方式可以描述一种强酸或强碱?


Answer 答案:

EN:

  1. Fully ionizes (100% ionization / dissociation)
  2. Ka or Kb is very large (essentially infinite)
  3. Strong electrolyte (conducts electricity very well in solution)
  4. One-directional arrow (→) in equations (not ⇌)

中文:

  1. 完全电离(100% 电离/解离)
  2. Ka 或 Kb 极大(本质上无穷大)
  3. 强电解质(溶液导电性很强)
  4. 方程式中使用单向箭头(→)(而非 ⇌)

Q10

EN (Original): The hydroxides of which two groups on the periodic table form strong bases?

中文翻译: 周期表中哪两个族的氢氧化物形成强碱?


Answer 答案:

EN: Group 1 (alkali metals: LiOH, NaOH, KOH, etc.) and Group 2 (alkaline earth metals: Ca(OH)₂, Sr(OH)₂, Ba(OH)₂).

中文: 第 1 族(碱金属:LiOH、NaOH、KOH 等)和第 2 族(碱土金属:Ca(OH)₂、Sr(OH)₂、Ba(OH)₂)。


Q11

EN (Original): Complete and balance the following equations.

a) __ HBr(aq) + __ Na(s) → b) __ H₂SO₄(aq) + __ Sr(OH)₂(s) →

中文翻译: 完成并配平以下方程式。


Answer 答案:

a)

$$2\ \text{HBr}(aq) + 2\ \text{Na}(s) \rightarrow 2\ \text{NaBr}(aq) + \text{H}_2(g)$$

Na is an active metal reacting with acid → produces salt + hydrogen gas.

b)

$$\text{H}_2\text{SO}_4(aq) + \text{Sr(OH)}_2(s) \rightarrow \text{SrSO}_4(s) + 2\ \text{H}_2\text{O}(l)$$

Acid-base neutralization → salt + water. SrSO₄ is insoluble (Ksp = 3.4 × 10⁻⁷).

中文: a) 活泼金属 Na 与酸反应生成盐和氢气。b) 酸碱中和生成盐和水。SrSO₄ 不可溶。

Answer Key 答案 (a): 2 HBr + 2 Na → 2 NaBr + H₂ — 一致 ✓


Q12

EN (Original): For each acid, state if it is monoprotic, diprotic or triprotic, and if strong or weak.

中文翻译: 对于每种酸,说明它是单质子酸、双质子酸还是三质子酸,以及是强酸还是弱酸。


Answer 答案:

Acid 酸 Protic Nature 质子性 Weak/Strong 强弱
HNO₃ Monoprotic 单质子 Strong 强
H₂SO₃ Diprotic 双质子 Weak 弱
H₃PO₄ Triprotic 三质子 Weak 弱
HSO₄⁻ Monoprotic 单质子 Weak 弱 (Ka = 1.2 × 10⁻²)

Answer Key 答案: H₂SO₃ = diprotic, weak — 一致 ✓


Q13

EN (Original): Fill in the table with the correct conjugate acid or base.

中文翻译: 在表格中填入正确的共轭酸或碱。


Answer 答案:

Acid 酸 Base 碱
HF F⁻
HSO₄⁻ SO₄²⁻
H₂SO₃ HSO₃⁻

EN — Rule: Remove one H⁺ from the acid to get its conjugate base. Add one H⁺ to the base to get its conjugate acid.

中文: 酸去掉一个 H⁺ 得到共轭碱;碱加上一个 H⁺ 得到共轭酸。

Answer Key 答案: HSO₄⁻ → SO₄²⁻ — 一致 ✓


Q14

EN (Original): Why is pure water able to conduct electricity?

中文翻译: 为什么纯水能导电?


Answer 答案:

EN: Pure water undergoes auto-ionization (self-ionization):

$$\text{H}_2\text{O}(l) + \text{H}_2\text{O}(l) \rightleftharpoons \text{H}_3\text{O}^+(aq) + \text{OH}^-(aq)$$

Although the extent is extremely small (Kw = 1.0 × 10⁻¹⁴), the H₃O⁺ and OH⁻ ions produced are charge carriers that allow very weak electrical conductivity.

中文: 纯水发生自电离:H₂O + H₂O ⇌ H₃O⁺ + OH⁻。虽然程度极小(Kw = 1.0 × 10⁻¹⁴),但产生的 H₃O⁺ 和 OH⁻ 离子作为电荷载体,使纯水具有极弱的导电性。


Q15

EN (Original): What is the value of Kw at 25°C?

中文翻译: 25°C 时 Kw 的值是多少?


Answer 答案:

$$K_w = [\text{H}^+][\text{OH}^-] = 1.0 \times 10^{-14}$$


Q16

EN (Original): Is the dissociation of water an exothermic or endothermic process?

中文翻译: 水的解离是放热过程还是吸热过程?


Answer 答案:

EN: Endothermic (吸热). Energy is required to break O-H bonds during auto-ionization.

中文: 吸热(endothermic)。自电离过程需要能量来断裂 O-H 键。


Q17

EN (Original): What happens to Kw as you LOWER the temperature of water?

中文翻译: 降低水的温度时,Kw 会怎样变化?


Answer 答案:

EN: Kw decreases. Since the dissociation of water is endothermic, lowering the temperature shifts the equilibrium to the left (Le Chatelier's Principle), producing fewer H₃O⁺ and OH⁻ ions, resulting in a smaller Kw.

中文: Kw 减小。由于水的解离是吸热反应,降温使平衡左移(勒夏特列原理),产生更少的 H₃O⁺ 和 OH⁻,Kw 变小。


Q18

EN (Original): What is the [OH⁻] in a 50.0 mL solution of 0.075 M HClO₄?

中文翻译: 50.0 mL 的 0.075 M HClO₄ 溶液中,[OH⁻] 是多少?


Answer 答案:

EN: HClO₄ is a strong acid → fully ionizes: [H⁺] = 0.075 M

$$[\text{OH}^-] = \frac{K_w}{[\text{H}^+]} = \frac{1.0 \times 10^{-14}}{0.075} = \boxed{1.3 \times 10^{-13}\ \text{M}}$$

Note: The volume (50.0 mL) is not needed since the concentration is already given.

中文: HClO₄ 是强酸,完全电离:[H⁺] = 0.075 M。[OH⁻] = Kw / [H⁺] = 1.3 × 10⁻¹³ M

Answer Key 答案: 1.3×10⁻¹³ M — 一致 ✓


Q19

EN (Original): What is the [H⁺] in a 150.0 mL solution of 1.5×10⁻⁵ M Mg(OH)₂?

中文翻译: 150.0 mL 的 1.5×10⁻⁵ M Mg(OH)₂ 溶液中,[H⁺] 是多少?


Answer 答案:

EN: Mg(OH)₂ is a strong base → each formula unit gives 2 OH⁻:

$$[\text{OH}^-] = 2 \times 1.5 \times 10^{-5} = 3.0 \times 10^{-5}\ \text{M}$$

$$[\text{H}^+] = \frac{K_w}{[\text{OH}^-]} = \frac{1.0 \times 10^{-14}}{3.0 \times 10^{-5}} = \boxed{3.3 \times 10^{-10}\ \text{M}}$$

中文: Mg(OH)₂ 每单位提供 2 个 OH⁻,[OH⁻] = 3.0 × 10⁻⁵ M。[H⁺] = Kw / [OH⁻] = 3.3 × 10⁻¹⁰ M

Answer Key 答案: 3.3×10⁻¹⁰ M — 一致 ✓


5.2 Strength of Acids and Bases — 酸碱强度

Q20

EN (Original): The Relative Strengths of Acids and Bases Table will be used a lot. Which side of the table will you find acids on?

中文翻译: 酸碱相对强度表中,酸在表的哪一侧?


Answer 答案:

EN: Acids are found on the left side of the table.

中文: 酸在表的左侧


Q21

EN (Original): When comparing two acids, will you find the stronger acid higher or lower on the table?

中文翻译: 比较两种酸时,较强的酸在表中更高还是更低?


Answer 答案:

EN: The stronger acid is higher on the table (larger Ka).

中文: 较强的酸在表中更高的位置(Ka 更大)。


Q22

EN (Original): When comparing two bases, will you find the stronger base higher or lower on the table?

中文翻译: 比较两种碱时,较强的碱在表中更高还是更低?


Answer 答案:

EN: The stronger base is lower on the table. (The conjugate base of a weaker acid is a stronger base.)

中文: 较强的碱在表中更低的位置。(越弱的酸,其共轭碱越强。)


Q23

EN (Original): Which acid is stronger between HNO₂ and HIO₃?

中文翻译: HNO₂ 和 HIO₃ 哪个更强?


Answer 答案:

EN: HIO₃ is stronger. Ka(HIO₃) = 1.7 × 10⁻¹ vs. Ka(HNO₂) = 4.6 × 10⁻⁴. HIO₃ has a much larger Ka and is higher on the table.

中文: HIO₃ 更强。Ka(HIO₃) = 0.17 远大于 Ka(HNO₂) = 4.6 × 10⁻⁴。


Q24

EN (Original): What are the conjugate bases of the acids in the previous question?

中文翻译: 上题中两种酸的共轭碱是什么?


Answer 答案:

  • HNO₂ → NO₂⁻
  • HIO₃ → IO₃⁻

Q25

EN (Original): Which of the two bases in the previous question is stronger?

中文翻译: 上题中哪种碱更强?


Answer 答案:

EN: NO₂⁻ is the stronger base. The conjugate base of the weaker acid is always the stronger base. HNO₂ is the weaker acid → NO₂⁻ is the stronger conjugate base.

中文: NO₂⁻ 更强。弱酸的共轭碱更强。HNO₂ 是较弱的酸 → NO₂⁻ 是更强的共轭碱。


Q26

EN (Original): Fill in SA, WA, SB, WB for:

H₃PO₄ + C₂O₄²⁻ ⇌ H₂PO₄⁻ + HC₂O₄⁻

中文翻译: 填入 SA(较强酸)、WA(较弱酸)、SB(较强碱)、WB(较弱碱)。


Answer 答案:

H₃PO₄ + C₂O₄²⁻ H₂PO₄⁻ + HC₂O₄⁻
SA SB WB WA

EN: H₃PO₄ (Ka = 7.5 × 10⁻³) is higher on the table than HC₂O₄⁻ (Ka = 6.4 × 10⁻⁵), making it the stronger acid (SA). C₂O₄²⁻ is the conjugate base of the weaker acid HC₂O₄⁻, making it the stronger base (SB).

中文: H₃PO₄(Ka = 7.5 × 10⁻³)在表中比 HC₂O₄⁻(Ka = 6.4 × 10⁻⁵)高,是较强酸(SA)。C₂O₄²⁻ 是较弱酸的共轭碱,是较强碱(SB)。


Q27

EN (Original): Which is the favored side in Q26? Explain.

中文翻译: Q26 中平衡偏向哪一侧?解释原因。


Answer 答案:

EN: Products are favored. The stronger acid (SA = H₃PO₄) and stronger base (SB = C₂O₄²⁻) are on the reactant side. They react to form the weaker acid and weaker base on the product side. Equilibrium always favors the formation of the weaker conjugate pair → products.

中文: 产物端更有利。 较强酸(SA = H₃PO₄)和较强碱(SB = C₂O₄²⁻)在反应物端,它们反应生成较弱的共轭对。平衡总是偏向较弱的一侧 → 产物。


Q28

EN (Original): What 2 properties would you actually measure in a lab to determine the strength of an acid?

中文翻译: 在实验室中,你会测量哪两种性质来确定酸的强度?


Answer 答案:

EN:

  1. pH (using a pH meter or indicator) — lower pH at equal concentration = stronger acid
  2. Electrical conductivity — higher conductivity at equal concentration = more ions dissociated = stronger acid

中文:

  1. pH(用 pH 计或指示剂)— 相同浓度下 pH 越低 = 酸越强
  2. 导电性 — 相同浓度下导电性越强 = 解离离子越多 = 酸越强

Q29

EN (Original): What is the Ka and Kb for HPO₄²⁻?

中文翻译: HPO₄²⁻ 的 Ka 和 Kb 分别是多少?


Answer 答案:

EN:

Ka (HPO₄²⁻ acting as acid → PO₄³⁻ + H⁺):

$$K_a = 2.2 \times 10^{-13} \quad \text{(from data table, Ka3 of phosphoric acid)}$$

Kb (HPO₄²⁻ acting as base → H₂PO₄⁻ + OH⁻):

$$K_b = \frac{K_w}{K_a(\text{H}_2\text{PO}_4^-)} = \frac{1.0 \times 10^{-14}}{6.2 \times 10^{-8}} = \boxed{1.6 \times 10^{-7}}$$

Note: Since Kb > Ka, HPO₄²⁻ is a stronger base than acid → its solution is basic.

中文: Ka(HPO₄²⁻) = 2.2 × 10⁻¹³(直接查表)。Kb = Kw / Ka(H₂PO₄⁻) = 1.0 × 10⁻¹⁴ / 6.2 × 10⁻⁸ = 1.6 × 10⁻⁷。Kb > Ka,所以 HPO₄²⁻ 碱性更强。

Answer Key 答案: 1.6×10⁻⁷ — 一致 ✓


Q30

EN (Original): What is the pOH of a 50.0 mL solution of 0.075 M HClO₄? Be careful with significant figures!

中文翻译: 50.0 mL 的 0.075 M HClO₄ 溶液的 pOH 是多少?注意有效数字!


Answer 答案:

EN: From Q18: [H⁺] = 0.075 M (2 sig figs)

$$\text{pH} = -\log(0.075) = 1.12 \quad \text{(2 decimal places for 2 sig figs)}$$

$$\text{pOH} = 14.00 - 1.12 = \boxed{12.88}$$

中文: [H⁺] = 0.075 M(2 位有效数字)。pH = -log(0.075) = 1.12。pOH = 14.00 - 1.12 = 12.88

Answer Key 答案: 12.88 — 一致 ✓


Q31

EN (Original): What is the pH of the solution in question 30?

中文翻译: Q30 中溶液的 pH 是多少?


Answer 答案:

$$\text{pH} = 14.00 - \text{pOH} = 14.00 - 12.88 = \boxed{1.12}$$

中文: pH = 14.00 - 12.88 = 1.12

Answer Key 答案: 1.12 — 一致 ✓


术语表 | Terminology

English 英文 Chinese 中文 Definition 定义
Bronsted-Lowry Acid 布朗斯特-洛瑞酸 Proton (H⁺) donor
Bronsted-Lowry Base 布朗斯特-洛瑞碱 Proton (H⁺) acceptor
Arrhenius Acid 阿伦尼乌斯酸 Produces H⁺ in water
Arrhenius Base 阿伦尼乌斯碱 Produces OH⁻ in water
Amphiprotic 两性的 Can act as both acid and base
Conjugate Acid-Base Pair 共轭酸碱对 Differ by one H⁺
Ka 酸解离常数 Equilibrium constant for acid ionization
Kb 碱解离常数 Equilibrium constant for base ionization
Kw 水的离子积 [H⁺][OH⁻] = 1.0 × 10⁻¹⁴ at 25°C
Strong Electrolyte 强电解质 Fully dissociates in water
Auto-ionization 自电离 Water molecules reacting with each other to produce ions

答案核对总表 | Answer Key Verification Summary

Question Our Answer Answer Key Status
Q8 Alcohols (OH bonded to C) Alcohols (OH bonded to C)
Q11a 2 HBr + 2 Na → 2 NaBr + H₂ 2 HBr + 2 Na → 2 NaBr + H₂
Q12 (H₂SO₃) Diprotic, Weak Diprotic, Weak
Q13 (HSO₄⁻) SO₄²⁻ SO₄²⁻
Q18 1.3 × 10⁻¹³ M 1.3 × 10⁻¹³ M
Q19 3.3 × 10⁻¹⁰ M 3.3 × 10⁻¹⁰ M
Q29 (Kb) 1.6 × 10⁻⁷ 1.6 × 10⁻⁷
Q30 12.88 12.88
Q31 1.12 1.12

Result: 9/9 answers verified — 100% match ✅