AP World History MCQ Practice — Unit 6: Consequences of Industrialization (1750–1900) (Part C)¶
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创建日期: 2026-03-04 最后更新: 2026-03-16
使用说明¶
- 题目数量：37 道选择题（Multiple Choice Questions）
- 建议用时：37 分钟（1 分钟/题，模拟 AP 考试节奏）
- 来源：AP Classroom Official Scoring Guide
- 答案位置：每题下方附 Answer
- 覆盖范围：Unit 6: Consequences of Industrialization (1750–1900)
- 本部分：Part C（37 题）
“I read with interest the recent article in your newspaper entitled ‘Should a Woman Demand All the Rights of a Man?’ In my view, to answer that question correctly, we first need to examine the roles of men and women in civilization—especially modern civilization—because what may have been true in ancient times no longer applies in our present situation. Modern civilization has moved beyond the condition of the past because society is no longer characterized by roughness and reliance on physical power. Victory no longer goes to him who was the strongest, the best able to endure hardship, or committed the most atrocities. By contrast, the basis of our modern civilization is good upbringing and the refinement of morals through the development of literary knowledge, courtesy, and compassion for the oppressed, all of which women are better at. So all our doctors and scientists who exalt man’s strong muscles, his wide skull, his long arm-to-body ratio and the like, miss the point entirely. Those physical facts, while undeniable, no longer grant man preference over woman in modern civilization.” Letter from an anonymous female reader to the Egyptian journal Al-Hilal, 1894
P264-Q4. The disputes over women’s social status alluded to in the letter best reflect which of the following late nineteenth- century changes in Middle Eastern societies?
(A) The abolition of the veil following the collapse of the Ottoman Empire (B) The expansion of mass public education for both boys and girls (C) The growing popular support for parliamentary forms of governance (D) The spread of intellectual and political ideals that advocated for natural rights
Answer: (D)
“Imagine that Chinese ships were to start importing arsenic into England, advertising it as a harmless, foreign and fashionable luxury. Next, imagine that after a few years of arsenic being all the rage, with hundreds of thousands using it, the British government were to ban its use because of its bad effects. Finally, imagine again that, in opposition to this ban on arsenic, Chinese ships were to be positioned off the coast of England, making occasional raids on London. Advocates of the opium-smuggling profession argue that it is immensely profitable and that supplying opium in bulk as they are doing is not immoral and it only becomes vulgar when the opium is sold in small portions, to individual users. What admirable logic with which one may shield oneself from reality, satisfied that the opium trade is nothing more than ‘supplying an important source of revenue to British companies operating in India.’ The trade may be a profitable one—it may be of importance to the Indian government, and to individuals— but to pretend that it can be defended as harmless to health and morals is to argue the impossible. Anyone who seriously thinks about the subject cannot defend what is, in itself, manifestly indefensible.” a poisonous substance “Remarks on the Opium Trade,” letter to a British magazine from an anonymous English merchant in Guangzhou (Canton), China, published in 1836
P264-Q5. The trade described in the passage is best seen as an early example of which of the following?
(A) The economic decline of Asian states resulting from the importation of cheap consumer goods from Europe (B) The growing economic influence of European immigrants in China (C) The declining political power of European joint-stock companies in Asia because of states assuming direct imperial control (D) The use of economic imperialism by European merchants and states
Answer: (D)
P265-Q6. A historian might argue that the trade described in the passage reflected a turning point in world history primarily because the opium trade
(A) shifted the pattern of historic European trade imbalances with China (B) marked the transition from mercantilist trade toward capitalist free trade (C) was the first time that Europeans used migrant labor to grow crops for global distribution (D) relied upon industrial techniques of production and modern consumer marketing
Answer: (A)
INFORMATION ON PROFITS AND RISKS OF VARIOUS INVESTMENT TYPES, PROVIDED BY ENGLISH COMMERCIAL BANKS AND OTHER PRIVATE LENDERS TO PROSPECTIVE INVESTORS, 1750 TO 1800
| Investment Opportunity | Expected Rates of Return | Perceived Risk |
|---|---|---|
| Land in Great Britain | 3–6% per year | Low |
| Investing in commercial enterprises in Great Britain | 6–12% per year | Variable |
| Land in India | 12% per year | Low-Moderate |
| Loans to European merchants in India or China | 10–15% per year | Moderate-High |
| Loans to Indian or Chinese merchants in India or China | 14–25% per year | Moderate-High |
| Financing trading voyages for Chinese ships from China to Southeast Asia | 30–40% per voyage | High |
| Financing trading voyages for European ships to India, China, Southeast Asia, or the Arabian Peninsula | 18–50% per voyage | High |
Source: Adapted from Jessica Hanser, “From Cross-Cultural Credit to Colonial Debt: British Expansion in Madras and Canton, 1750–1800,” American Historical Review 124:1 (2019).
P266-Q7. An increase in the number of overseas investment opportunities such as those shown in the table in the nineteenth century most strongly contributed to which of the following processes?
(A) Global migration to metropoles from Asia and Africa, as Western businesses recruited financial experts (B) Economic imperialism in Asia and Latin America, as Western individuals and businesses pressured their governments to protect their investments (C) An expansion of artisan manufacturing in Latin America and Africa, as traditional local businesses were revived through Western investment (D) A broad improvement in living standards in Western societies, as the working classes were able to afford foreign luxury goods
Answer: (B)
AGOSTINO BRUNIAS, ITALIAN PAINTER, PAINTING SHOWING FREE WOMEN OF MIXED RACIAL ANCESTRY WITH THEIR CHILDREN AND SERVANTS IN DOMINICA, A BRITISH COLONY IN THE WEST INDIES, LATE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY Free Women of Color with Their Children and Servants in a Landscape, 1770-1796 (oil on canvas) , Brunias, Agostino (1728-96) / Brooklyn Museum of Art, New York, USA / Gift of Mrs. Carll H. de Silver in memory of her husband, by exchange and gift of George S. Hellman, by exchange / Bridgeman Images
P267-Q8. Which of the following best describes the artist’s likely purpose in painting this particular subject?
(A) To advocate for violent rebellion against British colonial authorities (B) To demonstrate the racial oppression suffered by free people of color in the West Indies (C) To argue for the respectability of free people of color (D) To call for greater emigration by Europeans to the West Indies
Answer: (C)
P267-Q9. The artist’s perspective on the subject of the painting was most likely influenced by which of the following?
(A) The Enlightenment (B) Nationalism (C) Social Darwinism (D) The Haitian Revolution Data adapted from David Wilkinson, “Cities, Civilizations and Oikumenes,” Comparative Civilizations Review: Vols. 27 and 28: Nos. 27 and 28, 1992–1993
Answer: (A)
Data adapted from David Wilkinson, “Cities, Civilizations and Oikumenes,” Comparative Civilizations Review: Vols. 27 and 28: Nos. 27 and 28, 1992–1993
P268-Q10. The changes in the distribution of cities in the period 1800 to 1900 C.E. best illustrate the impact of
(A) the Atlantic revolutions (B) the Industrial Revolution (C) he abolition of slavery (D) improvements in urban policing and public safety
Answer: (B)
POPULATION OF THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS IN THE PACIFIC, 1778–1878 * 1853: 97.5% of the population born in Hawaii ** 1878: 83.6% of the population born in Hawaii Source: Alfred W. Crosby, Germs, Seeds and Animals: Studies in Ecological History, 1994
P269-Q11. Which of the following best explains the changes in the population of the Hawaiian Islands from 1872 to 1878 ?
(A) The increased presence of Asian indentured servants on Hawaiian plantations (B) The growth of tourism as a result of technological advances in transportation (C) The urbanization of Hawaii as a result of industrialization (D) The development of racial exclusion policies in European settler colonies
Answer: (A)
P269-Q12. Which of the following most accurately describes the interactions between China and Europe in the nineteenth century?
(A) China became isolated politically in part because of its suppression of pro-Western Chinese dissidents. (B) China effectively lost its economic independence to Europe as a result of military losses to European forces. (C) China became a major exporter of manufactured goods to Europe. (D) China and Europe were forced into an uneasy alliance to reverse Japanese imperial expansion in northern China.
Answer: (B)
“When I was ten years old, I worked on my father’s farm, digging, hoeing, and gathering and carrying our crop. We had no horses because only officials are allowed to have horses in China. I worked on my father’s farm until I was about sixteen years old, when a man from our clan came back from America. In America, he had purchased land about as large as four city blocks and made it into a paradise. The man had left our village as a poor boy. Now, he returned with unlimited wealth, which he had obtained in the country of the American wizards.
The man’s wealth filled my mind with the idea that I, too, would like to go to the country of the wizards and gain some of their wealth. After a long time, my father gave me his blessing and my mother took leave of me with tears. My father gave me some money and I went with five other boys from our village to take a steamship from Hong Kong. The engines that moved the ship were wonderful monsters, strong enough to lift mountains.
When I got to San Francisco, I was half-starved because I was afraid to eat American food. But after a few days of living in the Chinese quarter, I was happy again. A man got me work as a servant with an American family and my start was the same as most of the Chinese in this country.”
Li Zhou, laborer from Guangzhou province in southern China, interview given to a reporter in the United States describing his journey to the United States in the 1860s
P270-Q13. On a global scale, the gender makeup of the migrants referred to in the second paragraph best helps to explain which of the following social changes in home societies in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries?
(A) Dramatic population increases leading to the adoption of new government policies to limit the birth of children (B) Women taking on new roles that had been formerly occupied by men (C) A greater reliance on children performing indentured labor (D) An increase in workers joining labor unions to demand higher wages
Answer: (B)
P270-Q14. Late-nineteenth-century transoceanic labor migrations were most directly facilitated by which of the following developments?
(A) The restructuring of traditional social hierarchies (B) The development of new, more affordable methods of transportation (C) The growing popularity of free-trade economic policies (D) The emergence of transnational businesses
Answer: (B)
P270-Q15. Long-distance immigration to the Americas in the late nineteenth century most often contributed to which of the following processes?
(A) The worsening of gender imbalances in receiving societies, as the great majority of migrants were men (B) Restrictions on migrants performing industrial labor in factories in the receiving societies (C) Reverse migration, whereby most migrants returned to their countries of origin after becoming financially secure (D) Growing rates of urbanization as migrants predominantly settled in cities in the receiving societies
Answer: (D)
P270-Q16. Which of the following statements is true of global migration patterns during the nineteenth century?
(A) Most migrants rejected their culture in favor of total assimilation. (B) Migrants increasingly relocated from rural areas to cities. (C) Most migrants traveled seasonally as agricultural laborers. (D) Migrants were primarily women seeking employment as factory workers.
Answer: (B)
P271-Q17. Which of the following describes the major impact of the introduction of coffee growing in places like Kenya and El Salvador after 1880 ?
(A) The end of taxes paid to the government in cash (B) The weakening of the European colonial military and landowning elite (C) Access to cheaper food for Africans and Latin Americans (D) Increased control over the land by Africans and Latin Americans (E) Greater dependence on foreign markets by Africans and Latin Americans
Answer: (E)
P271-Q18. Which of the following occurred in nineteenth-century Africa as a result of the end of the transatlantic slave trade?
(A) An increased use of slave labor within Africa (B) The collapse of traditional religions (C) The spread of factory industry (D) A decrease in diamond production (E) The rise of political democracy
Answer: (A)
P271-Q19. In the mid-twentieth century, the presence of Chinese and Japanese populations in North America and of South Asian populations in the Caribbean and South Africa is best explained by which of the following?
(A) Trade networks of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries (B) European and United States imperial conquests of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries (C) Labor migrations during the nineteenth century (D) Refugees fleeing warfare and repressive regimes during the twentieth century
Answer: (C)
INDENTURED AND POST-INDENTURED WORKERS FROM INDIA EMPLOYED ON SUGAR PLANTATIONS ON THE ISLAND OF TRINIDAD, BRITISH CARIBBEAN, 1854–1910
| Column A: Indian Indentured Workers on Sugar Plantations in Trinidad | Column B: Indian Workers Whose Five-Year Indenture Terms Had Ended, But Who Continued to Work on Sugar Plantations in Trinidad | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| YEAR | MALE | FEMALE | MALE | FEMALE |
| 1854 | 3,902 | 675 | - | - |
| 1864 | 7,445 | 2,342 | 1,577 | 603 |
| 1874 | 7,770 | 3,340 | 3,743 | 1,630 |
| 1879 | 6,639 | 2,612 | 3,861 | 2,116 |
| 1890 | 7,252 | 2,708 | 5,160 | 2,718 |
| 1910 | 8,246 | 2,708 | 6,953 | 3,657 |
Source: Data adapted from Sumita Chatterjee "Indian women's lives and labor: the indentureship experience in Trinidad and Guyana, 1845–1917." (1997). Doctoral Dissertations 1896–February 2014. 1251. Accessed at http://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations_1/1251.
P272-Q20. Which of the following processes in the nineteenth century most directly created the economic needs filled by Indian indentured servants in the Caribbean?
(A) The growth of Great Britain’s textile manufacturing sector as part of the first Industrial Revolution (B) The shift from East India Company rule to direct British imperial rule in India (C) The abolition of the trans-Atlantic slave trade and of slavery in British colonies (D) The success of the Latin American revolutions in establishing independent republics in former Spanish American colonies
Answer: (C)
P272-Q21. The numbers in Column B are most likely a reflection of which trend that affected many migrants in the late nineteenth century?
(A) Migrants often lacked opportunities for economic and social advancement as a result of anti-immigrant prejudice and racism in the receiving societies. (B) Migrants were often able to maintain cultural and religious connections to their home country through letters and newspapers. (C) Migrants often wanted to assimilate quickly into the dominant linguistic and cultural environment of their receiving societies. (D) Migrants often returned, either periodically or permanently, to their home societies after saving enough money to start a new life there.
Answer: (A)
P272-Q22. The table indicates that Indian labor migration to Trinidad in the mid- to late nineteenth century shared which of the following patterns with global migration processes in the same period?
(A) Both Indian migration to Trinidad and global migration in general involved mostly coerced or semicoerced labor. (B) Both Indian migration to Trinidad and global migration in general resulted in migrants establishing ethnic enclaves in increasingly cosmopolitan cities. (C) Both Indian migration to Trinidad and global migration in general involved migrants who were mostly male. (D) Both Indian migration to Trinidad and global migration in general resulted in receiving societies’ governments passing discriminatory anti-immigrant legislation.
Answer: (C)
INDIAN MUSLIM TROOPS IN THE BRITISH ARMED FORCES PRAYING. PHOTOGRAPH TAKEN IN SURREY, ENGLAND, 1916 FPG / Staff In the background, a group of British civilians, mostly women, are watching the troops pray.
P273-Q23. The photograph best illustrates which aspect of population movements in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries?
(A) They often involved the spread of cultural traditions into new locations. (B) They were often undertaken to displace labor force lost to war or disease. (C) They often resulted in the decline or disappearance of native religious traditions. (D) They often caused intercommunal violence.
Answer: (A)
“Last Will and Testament I, Anna de São Jozé da Trindade, Roman Catholic since baptism, always firm in the faith of the Catholic religion, declare the present Will in the following manner: I declare that I was born on the Coast of Africa from where I was transported to the states of Brazil and the city of Salvador in the state of Bahia where I have lived until the present. I was a slave of Theodozia Maria da Cruz, who bought me as part of a parcel of slaves, and who freed me for the amount of one hundred mil-réis, which I gave her in cash. And as a freed woman I have enjoyed this same freedom without the least opposition until the present time. I declare that I was never married and always remained single. And in this state I had five children. I declare that the goods I possess are the following: a slave by the name of Maria, whom I leave conditionally freed for the amount of sixty mil-réis, to be paid to my granddaughter. I also possess a group of two-story houses with shops at street level and a basement below with lodgings, located on the Ladeira do Carmo, where I live on land belonging to me.” currency unit in colonial Brazil Anna de São Jozé da Trindade, Afro-Brazilian woman, last will and testament, 1823
P274-Q24. As described in the passage, Anna da Trindade’s life differed from the typical experience of newly arrived slaves in colonial Latin America in that she was
(A) transported to Brazil (B) baptized as a Christian (C) born in Africa (D) able to purchase her freedom
Answer: (D)
P274-Q25. Which of the following was the most significant change in Latin American labor systems between the time the document was produced and 1900 ?
(A) Slavery was abolished in all Latin American countries. (B) Many Latin American countries industrialized. (C) Indentured servitude became the main source of labor in most Latin American countries. (D) Most Latin American countries passed laws limiting the labor of women and children.
Answer: (A)
P274-Q26. Which of the following countries or regions led the world in the production of cotton cloth in 1700?
(A) China (B) Egypt (C) West Africa (D) England (E) India
Answer: (E)
“Italy has 108 inhabitants per square kilometer. In proportion to its territory, only three countries in Europe surpass Italy in population density: Belgium, the Netherlands, and Great Britain. Every year, 100,000 farmers and agricultural laborers emigrate from Italy. Italy witnesses its place in the family of civilized nations growing smaller and smaller as it looks on with fear for its political and economic future. In fact, during the last eighty years the English-speaking population throughout the world has risen from 22 to 90 million; the Russian-speaking population from 50 to 70; and so forth, down to the Spanish population who were 18 million and are now 39. On the other hand, the Italian-speaking population has only increased from 20 to 31 million. At first, our emigrants were spreading Italy’s language in foreign countries, but since then, their sons and grandsons ended up forgetting the language of their fathers and forefathers. Realizing that our mistakes have cost us so much in the past and continue to cost us today, I believe that it is less secure and more expensive for our people to continue to try to eke out a living from barren land in Italy than to establish a large and prosperous agricultural colony in Eritrea.” an Italian colonial territory in northeast Africa Ferdinando Martini, governor of the Italian colony of Eritrea, Concerning Africa, 1897
P275-Q27. The author’s statement that descendants of Italian emigrants “ended up forgetting the language of their fathers and forefathers” most directly refers to which of the following aspects of nineteenth-century migration?
(A) Some receiving societies attempted to limit the flow of immigrants. (B) Some colonial states applied theories of Social Darwinism to establish racial preferences. (C) Immigrants often adopted the dominant culture of the state in receiving societies. (D) Immigrants often maintained some aspects of their religion within ethnic enclaves.
Answer: (C)
“We often see articles in our [Brazilian] newspapers trying to convince the reader that slavery among us is a very mild and pleasant condition for the slave—so often, in fact, that one may almost begin to believe that, if slaves were asked, they would prefer slavery to freedom. This only proves that newspaper articles are not written by slaves. . . . The legal position of slaves in Brazil can be summed up in these words: the Constitution does not apply to them. Our [1824] Constitution is full of lofty ideas [such as]: ‘No citizen can be forced to do anything except as required by law;’ ‘The law shall apply equally to every person;’ ‘Whipping, torture, and all other cruel punishments are abolished,’ etc. Yet, in this ostensibly free nation . . . we must have, on a daily basis, judges, police, and, if need be, the army and navy employed to force enslaved men, women, and children to work night and day without any compensation. To admit this in the highest law of the land would reduce the list of Brazilian freedoms to a transparent fraud. For this reason the Constitution does not even mention slaves or attempt to regulate their status.” Joaquim Nabuco, Brazilian writer and political activist, Abolitionism, book published 1883
P275-Q28. As illustrated by the passage, which of the following best explains the persistence of slavery in some parts of the Americas into the late nineteenth century?
(A) Urban middle-class families increasingly relied on the labor of slaves as more women joined the workforce. (B) Cash-crop plantation agriculture remained an important part of some nations’ economies. (C) Constitutions in the Americas continued to expressly deny citizens the legal rights that had long been established in Europe. (D) Railroads, steamships, and other technologies greatly facilitated new migration to the Americas. Poem 1
Answer: (B)
Poem 1 “The world calls us coolie. Why doesn’t our flag fly anywhere? How shall we survive, are we slaves forever? Why aren’t we involved in politics? From the beginning we have been oppressed. Why don’t we even dream of freedom? Only a handful of oppressors have taken our fields. Why has no Indian cultivator risen and protected his land? Our children cry out for want of education. Why don’t we open science colleges?” An insulting term for South or East Asian manual workers Poem 2 “Why do you sit silent in your own country You who make so much noise in foreign lands? Noise outside of India is of little avail. Pay attention to activities within India. You are quarreling and Hindu-Muslim conflict is prevalent. The jewel of India is rotting in the earth because you are fighting over the Vedas and the Koran. Go and speak with soldiers. Ask them why they are asleep, men who once held swords. Muslim, Hindu, and Sikh heroes should join together. The power of the oppressors is nothing if we unitedly attack him. Indians have been the victors in the battlefields of Burma, Egypt, China and the Sudan.”
P276-Q29. Which of the following best accounts for the circumstances of Indian workers alluded to in Poem 1 ?
(A) The increasing migration of Indian laborers to industrialized urban areas (B) The cultural divisions between Indian Muslim migrants and Indian Hindu migrants (C) The coerced migration of Indian indentured servants (D) The pattern of many Indian migrants returning to their homeland after their contracts ended
Answer: (C)
“On May 21, 1987, exactly a week after the elected government of Fiji* had been ousted in a military coup . . . a huge bused-in crowd of ethnic Fijian men and women sat on the lawn across the Civil Center in the capital city, clapping and singing, while the Royal Fiji Military Forces band played ‘Onward Christian Soldiers.’ Across the park, another crowd of Indo-Fijian men and women and children watched apprehensive, bewildered, frightened. . . . The coup-maker, Lt. Col. Sitiveni Rabuka, an ethnic Fijian, appeared on the balcony. . . . With both fists punching the air, he addressed his supporters, ‘ [Ethnic] Fijians must rule Fiji: that is God’s wish.’
Ten years later, Prime Minister Rabuka, now a mellowed, greyer, balding man, addressed a multiracial election rally: ‘You cannot build a nation up by tearing each other down. That is why we focus on the need for us to be united—the indigenous Fijian people, [as well as] the sons and daughters and grandchildren of those who came as indentured laborers [from India], or in the following waves of business people are all inextricable parts of the new Republic of the Fiji Islands.’”
*the Fijian general elections of 1987 had brought to power a government dominated by political parties associated with Fiji’s ethnic Indian community. Many ethnic Fijians resented the election results.
Brij Lal, Fijian historian of Indian ethnicity, article published in an academic journal, 2000
P277-Q30. Which of the following nineteenth-century processes most directly contributed to the migration of Indian laborers to Fiji as described in the passage?
(A) Indian merchants acted as brokers and middlemen for European East India companies. (B) Colonial states in Asia and the Pacific relied on coerced labor to work on plantations. (C) Prior to the abolition of the slave trade, Indian slaves were exported to the islands in the Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean. (D) Indo-Muslim traders spread Islam to the islands of Southeast Asia.
Answer: (B)
P277-Q31. Which of the following processes most directly contributed to the tensions in Fiji described in the first paragraph?
(A) Migrant groups often created relatively isolated ethnic enclaves, while receiving societies responded to them through ethnic prejudice. (B) Violence between cultural groups led to acts of genocide perpetrated by authoritarian military governments. (C) European colonial settlers destroyed indigenous populations and their cultures, replacing them with migrant groups. (D) Indigenous and migrant elites cooperated to overthrow European colonialism and secure independence.
Answer: (A)
P278-Q32. Which of the following best explains all of the migration movements shown on the map above?
(A) Large labor surpluses in India and China, due to the success of British and Qing agricultural reforms (B) The end of the slave trade in the Americas and the intensification of European colonial expansion in Africa (C) Labor shortages in plantation agriculture, the mineral extraction industry, and transportation projects (D) The end of revolutions in the Americas and the establishment of the American republics
Answer: (C)
CLOVE PRICES IN SOUTHEAST ASIA AND IN AMSTERDAM, 1580–1850 (in Spanish silver reals, a common trade currency in the East Indies) Cloves are spices native to the Moluccas islands in eastern Indonesia and, until the late eighteenth century, grown only in Southeast Asia. Source: David Bulbeck, Anthony Reid, Lay Cheng Tan, and Yiqi Wu, eds. Southeast Asian Exports Since the 14th Century: Cloves, Pepper, Coffee, and Sugar, (Leiden, The Netherlands, KITLV Press), 1988. Graph 2.2., p. 57
P279-Q33. Which of the following best explains why spices, such as cloves, became a LESS important component of colonial trade during the nineteenth century?
(A) Industrialization increased the demand for manufactured goods relative to the demand for spices. (B) European states developed military and medical technologies that enabled them to establish direct colonial control over most interior regions of Africa. (C) Some European states encouraged the migration of large numbers of their citizens overseas, leading to the establishment of settler colonies. (D) The emergence of anticolonial movements that used civil disobedience to achieve their goals made many traditional colonial products virtually impossible to produce on a large scale.
Answer: (A)
P280-Q34. Which of the following resulted from Europe’s expansion overseas in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries?
(A) Europe’s population size and industrial productivity declined. (B) European countries acquired colonies and dominated world trade. (C) The number of workers needed for European factories declined. (D) Mechanized agriculture spread worldwide.
Answer: (B)
P280-Q35. Which of the following is a similarity between European and Asian immigrants to the Americas during the nineteenth century?
(A) Both were attracted by employment opportunities. (B) Both rejected the cultural traditions of their homelands. (C) Both were mostly from the upper and middle classes. (D) Both were exclusively from minority communities in their home countries.
Answer: (A)
“Let us take North America, for instance, and the richest portion of it—the Mississippi basin—to compare with the Congo River basin in Africa. When early explorers such as de Soto first navigated the Mississippi and the Indians were the undisputed masters of that enormous river basin, the European spirit of enterprise would have found only a few valuable products there—mainly some furs and timber.
The Congo River basin is, however, much more promising at the stage of underdevelopment. The forests on the banks of the Congo are filled with precious hardwoods; among the climbing vines in the forest is the one from which rubber is produced (the best of which sells for two shillings per pound), and among its palms are some whose oil is a staple article of commerce and others whose fibers make the best cordage.
But what is of far more value, the Congo River basin has over 40 million moderately industrious and workable people. It is among them that the European trader may fix his residence for years and develop commerce to his profit with very little risks involved. In dwelling over the advantages possessed by the Congo here, it has been my goal to rouse this spirit of trade. I do not wish to see the area become a place where poor migrants from Europe would settle. There are over 40 million natives here who are poor and degraded already merely because they are surrounded on all sides by hostile forces of nature and man, denying them contact with the civilizational elements that might have ameliorated the unhappiness of their condition. If you were to plant European pauperism amongst them, it would soon degenerate to the low level of native African pauperism. Instead, the man who is wanted is the enterprising merchant who receives the raw produce from the native in exchange for the finished product of the manufacturer’s loom. It is the merchant who can direct and teach the African pauper what to gather in the multitude of things around him. Merchants are the missionaries of commerce adapted for nowhere so well as for the Congo River basin where there are so many idle hands and such abundant opportunities.”
Henry Morton Stanley, Welsh-American journalist, explorer, and agent for King Leopold of Belgium’s Congo Free State, The Congo and the Founding of Its Free State, book published in 1885
P281-Q36. Stanley’s description of the riches of the Congo in the first two paragraphs can best be seen as an attempt to
(A) place European expansion in the Congo in the context of earlier imperial ventures that had ended in disaster for the native population of the colonized country (B) place European expansion in the Congo in the context of other instances in which inter-European rivalries had prevented the successful economic exploitation of colonial territories (C) place European expansion in the Congo in the context of other imperial ventures that had seemed difficult at first but have subsequently turned out to be highly valuable (D) place European expansion in the Congo in the context of other instances in which British imperial policies had been proven to be more successful than the policies of other European countries
Answer: (C)
P281-Q37. The commodities listed by Stanley in the second paragraph can best be understood in the context of
(A) Europeans’ need for resources to be used in industrial production (B) raw materials that could be used in African manufacturing centers (C) crops that could be cultivated on plantations and industrial farms by European settlers (D) products that would be most suited for export to the Mississippi region of North America
Answer: (A)
P281-Q38. Based on the third paragraph, Stanley’s vision of the future of the Congo River basin can best be seen as part of which of the following late-nineteenth-century developments?
(A) Settler imperialism (B) The view of imperialism as the “White Man’s Burden” (C) Economic imperialism (D) The belief that imperialism should be spearheaded by religious missionaries
Answer: (C)
POPULATION TABLE FOR SELECTED STATES, 1800–2000
| State | 1800 | 1850 | 1900 | 1950 | 2000 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Angola | 1,567,028 | 1,949,329 | 2,995,663 | 4,548,023 | 16,440,924 |
| Argentina | 534,000 | 1,100,000 | 4,693,000 | 17,150,336 | 37,057,452 |
| Brazil | 3,639,636 | 7,234,000 | 17,894,000 | 53,974,732 | 175,287,600 |
| Saudi Arabia | 2,091,000 | N/A | N/A | 3,121,335 | 20,764,312 |
| Zimbabwe | 1,085,814 | 1,346,417 | 1,911,594 | 2,746,852 | 12,222,251 |
Source: Data adapted from Our World in Data, https://ourworldindata.org/world-population-growth#population-growth-by-country
P282-Q39. Which of the following likely contributed the most to the population changes shown in the table for Latin American states such as Argentina and Brazil in the period 1800–1900 ?
(A) Increased economic production resulting from slave labor (B) Large increases in immigration from Europe (C) Higher birth rates resulting from the development of antibiotics (D) More equitable land distribution policies following independence from Spain
Answer: (B)