AP World History MCQ Practice — Unit 5: Revolutions (1750–1900) (Part C)¶
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创建日期: 2026-03-04 最后更新: 2026-03-16
使用说明¶
- 题目数量：48 道选择题（Multiple Choice Questions）
- 建议用时：48 分钟（1 分钟/题，模拟 AP 考试节奏）
- 来源：AP Classroom Official Scoring Guide
- 答案位置：每题下方附 Answer
- 覆盖范围：Unit 5: Revolutions (1750–1900)
- 本部分：Part C（48 题）
INFORMATION ON PROFITS AND RISKS OF VARIOUS INVESTMENT TYPES, PROVIDED BY ENGLISH COMMERCIAL BANKS AND OTHER PRIVATE LENDERS TO PROSPECTIVE INVESTORS, 1750 TO 1800
| Investment Opportunity | Expected Rates of Return or Rates of Interest Charged (per year or per voyage) | Perceived Risk |
|---|---|---|
| Land in Great Britain | 3–6% per year | Low |
| Investing in commercial enterprises in Great Britain | 6–12% per year | Variable |
| Land in India | 12% per year | Low-Moderate |
| Loans to European merchants in India or China | 10–15% per year | Moderate-High |
| Loans to Indian or Chinese merchants in India or China | 14–25% per year | Moderate-High |
| Financing trading voyages for Chinese ships from China to Southeast Asia | 30–40% per voyage | High |
| Financing trading voyages for European ships to India, China, Southeast Asia, or the Arabian Peninsula | 18–50% per voyage | High |
Source: Adapted from Jessica Hanser, "From Cross-Cultural Credit to Colonial Debt: British Expansion in Madras and Canton, 1750–1800," American Historical Review 124:1 (2019).
P206-Q8. Which of the following conclusions is best supported by the data in the table?
(A) Traditional elites introduced complex financial practices. (B) Financial practices facilitated deeper global economic integration. (C) Transnational businesses incorporated local merchants into their companies. (D) Governments sought to stimulate economic activity through lending.
Answer: (B)
“The fourth annual meeting of the shareholders of the British South Africa Company was held yesterday at the Cannon- street Hotel. The company’s chairman, in his opening address, said, ‘Twice during the past year we met when fighting with Africans was taking place in the company’s territory, when financial arrangements of a complicated character were pending, and when the outlook of the enterprise seemed full of doubt and difficulty. Today, however, we are in a position far superior to any we had previously occupied and ever had hoped to attain. In founding the British South Africa Company, the shareholders undertook the occupation and development of a considerable extent of valuable territory in South Africa. Thus, because of the far-seeing action of a few men connected with the company, this enormous territory was secured for Great Britain. The perfectly legitimate objections of some people to chartered companies like ours were answered by the certainty that this vast territory—equal in extent to Central Europe—could not have been brought under British sway in any other way.
Turning now to the development of railway communication in our territory, it is being pursued by building lines from the Cape Colony and joining them to other lines that will provide a route over Portuguese Mozambique and to the sea. Postal and telegraphic communications will closely follow, and in some cases already precede, the completion of the railroad. In addition, even before our mines have reached a stage of development great enough to cause a large inflow of population, the shareholders may congratulate themselves on the satisfactory outlook of our finances in Mashonaland*.’”
*a region in northern Zimbabwe that contained extensive deposits of gold and other minerals and metals
Report of Alexander Duff, chairman of the British South Africa Company, to company shareholders in London, recorded in the Mining Journal, Railway and Commercial Gazette, published in London, 1895
P207-Q9. The economic success of businesses such as the British South Africa Company was in part dependent on which of the following developments in the late nineteenth century?
(A) The migrations of indentured workers from Asia (B) The increasing availability and variety of consumer goods (C) The development of new technologies such as the telegraph (D) The adoption of innovative practices in banking and finance
Answer: (D)
P207-Q10. As described in the passage, the economic model of the British South Africa Company most directly differed from which of the following economic trends in the late nineteenth century?
(A) The shift in Asian and African economies from manufacturing of finished goods to resource extraction (B) The shift from nation-based businesses and enterprises to transnational businesses and enterprises (C) The shift from heavy industry to industries centered on the production of consumer goods (D) The shift from mercantilism to free-market trade policies
Answer: (D)
P207-Q11. The “objections” that the chairman refers to in the first paragraph can most directly be explained in relation to which of the following arguments commonly made by laissez-faire economists in the period 1750–1900 ?
(A) The monopolistic practices of government-chartered joint-stock companies such as the British South Africa Company distorted market competition and hurt consumers. (B) Granting government charters to joint-stock companies such as the British South Africa Company allowed too much free trade and hurt workers in home countries. (C) Government involvement in the business of companies such as the British South Africa Company inevitably led to deregulation that removed valuable protections for workers and consumers. (D) The creation of government-supported joint-stock companies such as the British South Africa Company excluded private investment.
Answer: (A)
P208-Q12. Which of the following best describes an important difference between Karl Marx’s theory of socialist revolution and that of V. I. Lenin?
(A) Only Marx stressed the importance of the “class struggle” in history. (B) Only Marx stressed the primary role of the industrial proletariat. (C) Only Marx thought that a socialist revolution must be achieved through parliamentary reform. (D) Only Lenin argued that the workers’ revolution would have to be led by professional revolutionaries. (E) Only Lenin argued that revolution would occur in the most industrialized countries.
Answer: (D)
“I read with interest the recent article in your newspaper entitled ‘Should a Woman Demand All the Rights of a Man?’ In my view, to answer that question correctly, we first need to examine the roles of men and women in civilization—especially modern civilization—because what may have been true in ancient times no longer applies in our present situation. Modern civilization has moved beyond the condition of the past because, in the past, society was characterized by roughness and reliance on physical power, where victory went to him who was the strongest or the best able to endure hardship, or to him who perpetrated the most atrocities, such as killing people, etc., —in other words, to him who was farthest from women’s gentle nature and compassionate heart. By contrast, the basis of our modern civilization is good upbringing and the refinement of morals, through the development of literary knowledge, courtesy, and compassion for the oppressed. This is something that women are better at. So all our doctors and scientists who exalt man’s strong muscles, his wide skull, his long arm-to-body ratio and the like, miss the point entirely. Those physical facts, while undeniable, no longer grant man the right of preference over woman in regard to modern civilization.” Letter from an anonymous female reader to the Egyptian journal Al-Hilal, 1894
P208-Q13. Which of the following groups in late-nineteenth-century Egypt would have been most likely to support the author's ideas expressed in the letter?
(A) Muslim religious scholars (B) Subsistence peasants (C) Urban middle classes (D) Large landowners
Answer: (C)
PERCENTAGES OF WORKERS EMPLOYED IN TEXTILE FACTORIES IN ENGLAND BY AGE AND GENDER, 1835–1867
| Year | Children (8–12 years) | Women (13 years and over) | Men (13 years and over) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1835 | 15.9 | 47.3 | 37.7 |
| 1838 | 7.9 | 54.0 | 38.1 |
| 1847 | 7.9 | 54.9 | 37.2 |
| 1850 | 6.8 | 55.3 | 37.7 |
| 1856 | 7.7 | 56.2 | 36.1 |
| 1861 | 9.0 | 55.8 | 35.2 |
| 1867 | 10.0 | 56.1 | 33.8 |
Source: Data adapted from Clark Nardinelli, "Child Labor and the Factory Acts," The Journal of Economic History, 40:4 (1980): 744. The data were compiled by British government inspectors who reported their findings to the British Parliament.
P209-Q14. The high proportion of women and children among the workers reflected in the table is best seen in the context of the
(A) low wages of workers in industrial societies (B) resistance of older male workers to being displaced by younger workers (C) persistence of guild regulations and other traditional restrictions on labor practices (D) decrease in family size associated with greater income
Answer: (A)
P209-Q15. The data in the table best provide historical context to understand which of the following developments in mid- nineteenth-century Great Britain?
(A) Pollution resulting from industrial manufacturing (B) The emergence of social reform movements (C) The development of better transportation infrastructure (D) The increasing demand for consumer goods
Answer: (B)
P209-Q16. The labor patterns shown in the table are most directly relevant in understanding which broader process in nineteenth-century Europe?
(A) The emergence of challenges to patriarchal gender norms (B) The decline in the popularity of organized religions (C) The development of new class identities (D) The growing influence of nationalism on state policy
Answer: (C)
P210-Q17. Which of the following best describes how nineteenth-century European industrialization affected European women’s lives?
(A) By the end of the century, new social welfare legislation made it possible for most women to earn university degrees. (B) Married women found it increasingly difficult to balance wage work and family responsibilities. (C) By the end of the century, women gained the right to vote in most European countries. (D) Women came to dominate the agricultural workforce as men moved to cities to take industrial jobs.
Answer: (B)
“In theory, all of the peoples of the world, though different in their degree of civilization and enlightenment are created equal and are brothers before God. As universal love advances, the theory goes, and as the regulations of international law are put into place, the entire world will soon be at peace. This theory is currently espoused mainly by Western Christian ministers or by persons who are enamored of that religion. However, when we leave this fiction and look at the facts regarding international relations today, we find them shockingly different. Do nations honor treaties? We find not the slightest evidence that they do. When countries break treaties, there are no courts to judge them. Therefore, whether a treaty is honored or not depends entirely on the financial and military powers of the countries involved. Money and soldiers are not for the protection of existing principles; they are the instruments for the creation of principles where none exist. There are those moralists who would sit and wait for the day when all wars would end. Yet in my opinion the Western nations are growing ever stronger in the skills of war. In recent years, these countries devise strange new weapons and day by day increase their standing armies. One can argue that that is truly useless, truly stupid. Yet if others are working on being stupid, then I must respond in kind. If others are violent, then I too must become violent. International politics is the way of force rather than the way of virtue—and we should accept that.” Yukichi Fukuzawa, Japanese intellectual, Commentary on the Current Problems, 1881
P210-Q18. Which of the following most likely influenced Fukuzawa’s views in the passage?
(A) The Tokugawa Shogunate’s policy of limiting contacts between Japan and the rest of the world (B) The emphasis on peaceful resolution of conflicts in Shinto and Buddhist religious traditions (C) The forcible “opening up” of Japanese markets to the West, which led to the Meiji Restoration (D) The suppression of the Taiping Rebellion in China, which resulted in significant loss of life
Answer: (C)
JAPANESE FUMI-E (“STEPPING-ON PICTURE”), A TYPE OF METAL PLATE CARVED WITH CHRISTIAN IMAGERY, USED BY THE JAPANESE GOVERNMENT TO IDENTIFY SUSPECTED CHRISTIANS, CIRCA 1630 Heritage Images / Contributor Japanese authorities required suspected Japanese Christians to tread on fumi-e plates based on the belief that Christians would refuse to disrespect images of Jesus Christ and other Christian religious figures.
P211-Q19. In the late nineteenth century, Japanese attitudes toward European cultural influences changed as a direct result of
(A) Japan isolating its economy from trade with Western markets (B) Japan enacting political reforms during the Meiji Era (C) Japan defeating China in the First Sino-Japanese War (D) Japan extending its empire over most of Southeast Asia
Answer: (B)
P213-Q20. The gender and age makeup of the workforce shown in Image 2 best illustrates which of the following phenomena in mid-nineteenth-century European society?
(A) Working-class families and bourgeois families generally had similar occupational patterns. (B) Within factories, skilled workers continued to be predominantly male, while women and children continued to perform mostly unskilled factory work. (C) The development of working-class neighborhoods was characterized by unsanitary living conditions and high levels of crime. (D) As more women moved into office or clerical jobs, factory owners’ treatment of female workers improved.
Answer: (B)
P213-Q21. In the second half of the nineteenth century, the working conditions depicted in Image 2 served as an inspiration for those arguing that
(A) oil and electricity rather than coal should become the basis of a new industrial economy (B) the negative environmental impacts of industrialization should be addressed by stringent regulations (C) the negative social effects of capitalism should be alleviated by enacting factory regulations (D) a Protestant work ethic was the most important factor behind Europe’s global economic dominance
Answer: (C)
“Without a revolutionary theory there can be no revolutionary movement. The role of vanguard fighter can be fulfilled only by a party that is guided by the most advanced theory. We have said that there could not have been Social- Democratic consciousness among the workers. It could only be brought to them from without. The history of all countries shows that the working class, exclusively by its own effort, is able to develop only trade union consciousness, i.e., the conviction that it is necessary to combine in unions, fight the employers, and strive to compel the government to pass necessary labor legislation. The theory of socialism, however, grew out of the philosophic, historical, and economic theories elaborated by educated representatives of the propertied classes, the intellectuals. Our worst sin with regard to organization is that by our amateurishness we have lowered the prestige of revolutionaries in Russia.” Vladimir Lenin, Russian exile in Switzerland, What Is to Be Done?, 1902
P214-Q22. In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, some governments responded to the growing popularity of ideas such as the ones expressed in the passage by doing which of the following?
(A) Increasing the number of financial instruments available to help expand transnational businesses (B) Expanding colonial territories and increasing industrial production (C) Passing reforms designed to improve the conditions of industrial workers (D) Opening large sectors of the economy to foreign direct investment
Answer: (C)
P214-Q23. The views expressed in the passage best illustrate which of the following processes?
(A) The modification of the economic theories of Adam Smith and John Stuart Mill in European universities (B) The desire to retain preindustrial forms of economic production by many imperial governments (C) The formulation of alternative visions of society in response to the spread of global capitalism (D) The expansion of the middle classes in newly industrialized societies
Answer: (C)
“In the past, at the end of the Han, Tang, Yuan, and Ming dynasties, bands of rebels were innumerable, all because of foolish rulers and misgovernment, so that none of these rebellions could be stamped out. But today [the emperor] is deeply concerned and examines his character in order to reform himself, worships Heaven, and is sympathetic to the people. He has not increased the land tax, nor has he conscripted soldiers from households. . . . It does not require any great wisdom to see that sooner or later the [Taiping] bandits will all be destroyed.” Zeng Guofan, Qing dynasty Chinese official, proclamation against the Taiping rebels, 1854
P214-Q24. In the passage above, Zeng Guofan’s purpose in listing the policies of the current Qing emperor is most likely to
(A) demonstrate the similarity between the damage done by the Taiping rebellion to the Qing Empire and the damage done by earlier rebellions to other Chinese dynasties (B) mobilize popular support by showing that the Taiping rebellion does not represent a legitimate challenge to Qing rule (C) warn that the Qing policies of keeping taxes low and avoiding conscription might come to an end if the Taiping rebellion succeeds (D) argue that the emperor’s personal piety and benevolent rule prove that he accepts the validity of the Taiping rebels’ grievances
Answer: (B)
P215-Q25. Zeng Guofan’s analysis of the situation in China in 1854 was likely influenced by which of the following?
(A) The Daoist notion of being in harmony with nature (B) The absolutist notion of the divine right of kings (C) The Buddhist notion of avoiding violence against any living thing (D) The Confucian notion of the dynastic cycle
Answer: (D)
P215-Q26. Which of the following best explains the general increase in the living standards of industrial workers between 1800 and 1914 ?
(A) Deficit-spending policies by governments in major industrial states (B) The implementation of strong protective tariffs (C) The increased supply of inexpensive consumer goods (D) Implementation of utopian socialist ideas in the organization of factory labor
Answer: (C)
THE BLACK COUNTRY, ANONYMOUS ENGRAVING DEPICTING THE ENGLISH TOWN OF OLDBURY, CIRCA 1850 Historical Images Archive / Alamy Stock Photo
P216-Q27. Which of following best explains a likely reason for the title of the image?
(A) The prevalence of slave labor, which was used within the factories (B) The soot pollution, which resulted from the coal industry in the region (C) The increase in the use of timber, which was transported along the canals (D) The construction of factory buildings, which increased throughout the town
Answer: (B)
P216-Q28. The technological processes reflected in the image had the most direct influence on which of the following?
(A) The French Revolution (B) The beginnings of the decolonization movement (C) The rise of Japan in the Meiji era (D) The expansion of the Ottoman Empire
Answer: (C)
P216-Q29. Japan’s industrialization during the Meiji period and the Soviet Union’s industrialization during the 1920s and 1930s had which of the following characteristics in common?
(A) Industrialization in both countries was achieved largely through state direction rather than through private initiative. (B) Both governments aimed to maintain women’s inferior status while continuing to work on making economic progress. (C) Foreign investment capital financed both industrialization programs. (D) The working classes of both countries began to rebel against poor working conditions and to join political parties.
Answer: (A)
P216-Q30. Industrialization in Russia during the nineteenth century most closely resembled industrialization in which of the following regions?
(A) The United States during the American Revolution (B) South America during the wars for independence from Spain (C) Japan during the Meiji Restoration (D) China during the Communist Revolution
Answer: (C)
JAPANESE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT 1890–1975
| Year | Real Per Capita Income (in dollars) | Industrial Production as a Percentage of Gross National Product | Heavy Industry as a Percentage of Industry |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1890 | 57 | 9.8% | 12.1% |
| 1900 | 81 | 29.8% | 17.5% |
| 1910 | 88 | 23.1% | 31.9% |
| 1920 | 112 | 27% | 46% |
| 1930 | 192 | 28.6% | 50% |
| 1938 | 225 | 34.5% | 63.2% |
| 1948 | 128 | 30.8% | 56% |
| 1958 | 276 | 33.5% | 57.7% |
| 1968 | 750 | 38% | 71% |
| 1975 | 1500 | N/A | 74.4% |
Source: Adapted from William V. Rapp, "Firm Size and Japan's Export Structure." Found online at https://web.njit.edu/~rappw/C-061.pdf.
P217-Q31. Which of the following most directly contributed to the overall trend in the percentages of industrial production and heavy industry as shown in the table for the period 1890–1938 ?
(A) The Japanese annexation of Manchuria (B) The Meiji reforms (C) Japan’s defeat of Russia in the Russo-Japanese War (D) Japan’s entry into the World Trade Organization
Answer: (B)
P217-Q32. For the period circa 1890 to 1910, which of the following countries experienced industrialization trends most similar to those for Japan, as shown in the table?
(A) Qing China (B) Dutch Indonesia (C) Germany (D) The Ottoman Empire
Answer: (C)
He who protests is an enemy; he who opposes is a corpse.” Slogans of the Khmer Rouge, the governing communist party of Cambodia from 1975 to 1979. The party ordered the forcible relocation of all urban populations onto agricultural communes and was responsible for 2.2 million deaths.
P218-Q33. The ideas expressed in the eighth slogan best reflect which of the following features of communist ideology?
(A) It claimed that the means of production ought to be collectivized. (B) It advocated social welfare programs. (C) It rejected industrialization. (D) It emphasized the development of large-scale public works to reclaim farmland.
Answer: (A)
P218-Q34. The policies of the Meiji reformers brought about which of the following in Japan?
(A) An improvement in the economic condition of the peasants (B) The collapse of the industrial sector of the economy (C) An increase in isolationism among government leaders (D) A reduction in military expenditures (E) The promotion of rapid industrialization
Answer: (E)
P218-Q35. Which of the following distinguishes the Meiji period from earlier periods in Japanese history?
(A) Militarism and feudalism (B) Isolation and lack of foreign trade (C) Reform and industrialization (D) Democratization and manorial privilege
Answer: (C)
P219-Q36. The Meiji reforms in Japan resulted in
(A) the strengthening of the power of regional lords at the expense of the emperor (B) a shift of power away from regional lords and to the emperor (C) the Tokugawa shogunate’s adoption of a unified civil code (D) the overthrow of the imperial system for a democratic republic
Answer: (B)
P219-Q37. The image from Japan during the Meiji Restoration best exemplifies which of the following processes?
(A) Attempts by conservative members of society to maintain indigenous traditions (B) Cultural changes accompanying greater contact with the United States (C) Greater freedom for women resulting from democratization (D) Increased emphasis on international cooperation as a result of the lowering of trade barriers
Answer: (B)
P219-Q38. Members of which of the following groups led opposition to industrialization in both Qing China and the Ottoman Empire?
(A) Government officials (B) Landless peasants (C) Merchants (D) Clerics
Answer: (A)
“The essence of education, our traditional national aim, is to promote benevolence, justice, loyalty, filial piety, and knowledge and skill. But recently, people have been going to extremes by embracing a foreign civilization whose only values are fact-gathering and technical-skill. These values bring harm to our customary ways. We try to incorporate the best features of foreigners in order to achieve the lofty goals that the Meiji emperor desires. We have tried to abandon the undesirable practices of the past and learn from the outside world. But these policies have had a serious defect. They have reduced benevolence, justice, loyalty, and filial piety to secondary goals. If we indiscriminately imitate foreign ways, our people will forget the great principles governing the relations between ruler and subject and the relations between father and son.” Motoday Nagazane, adviser to the Meiji emperor, treatise written following a tour of Japanese schools with the emperor, 1879
P220-Q39. The Meiji government’s “emulation of foreign ways” was most directly a response to which of the following nineteenth-century developments?
(A) The Qing Empire forcing Japan to accept tributary relations (B) Western states forcing Japan to open itself to trade (C) The Qing Empire requiring Japan to make territorial concessions following the Sino-Japanese War (D) Western states requiring Japan to accept Western advisers at the imperial court following the Opium Wars
Answer: (B)
P220-Q40. Which of the following states in the nineteenth century experienced social tensions resulting from the introduction of foreign cultural influences in a way most similar to that described in the passage?
(A) The Ottoman Empire (B) Russia (C) Australia (D) The United States
Answer: (A)
P221-Q41. Which of the following was the primary Ottoman response to the processes depicted in Map 2 ?
(A) Attempts to convert the empire’s non-Muslim population to Islam (B) Efforts to transform the empire into a parliamentary democracy (C) Attempts to reconcile Islamic law with Marxist ideals (D) Efforts to reform the government despite considerable internal opposition
Answer: (D)
Snark/ Art Resource, NY Poster from the Seventeenth Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, 1934. Poster text: “Raise the Flag of Lenin, It Gives Us Victory!” Banners at bottom read: “Long live the invincible party of Lenin!” “Long live the great guide of the international proletarian revolution, Comrade Stalin!”
P222-Q42. The ideology reflected in the poster was most directly the result of which of the following developments in the nineteenth century?
(A) Growing discontent with traditional forms of government led to the development of new political ideas. (B) Rebellions against imperial rule led to the formation of new independent states. (C) Demands for an expanded suffrage including women and the working class challenged existing political hierarchies. (D) Enlightenment philosophers and writers increasingly turned to empiricism and denounced the role of religion in political life.
Answer: (A)
P223-Q43. Which of the following was the main factor leading to the fall of Japan’s Tokugawa shogunate and the rise of the Meiji government?
(A) Pressure from an increasingly powerful China (B) Large-scale radical peasant rebellion (C) Economic instability and hyperinflation (D) Pressure from Western powers
Answer: (D)
P223-Q44. Which of the following societies successfully resisted foreign penetration and domination from 1650 to 1850?
(A) The Japanese (B) The Indians (C) The South Africans (D) The Latin Americans (E) The Chinese
Answer: (A)
P223-Q45. Which of the following is true of both Russia and Japan by 1914 ?
(A) Both were characterized by a high degree of ethnic homogeneity. (B) Both had effective democratic institutions that restrained the power of their monarchs. (C) Both had low rates of literacy. (D) Marxism had become a strong influence among urban workers in both countries. (E) Rapid, state-sponsored industrialized had occurred in both countries.
Answer: (E)
P223-Q46. Which of the following was a widespread social consequence of industrialization in the 1800s?
(A) A decline in the social status of women (B) An increase in the power and prestige of the landowning aristocracy (C) The general leveling of social hierarchies based on wealth (D) The creation of a wage-earning working class concentrated in urban areas
Answer: (D)
“All the world knows that since the first days of the Ottoman state, the lofty principles of the Qur’an and the rules of the Shari‘a were always perfectly preserved. Our mighty sultanate reached the highest degree of strength and power, and all its subjects reached the highest degree of ease and prosperity. But in the last one hundred and fifty years, because of a succession of difficult and diverse causes, the sacred Shari‘a was not obeyed nor were the beneficent regulations followed; consequently, the empire’s former strength and prosperity have changed into weakness and poverty. It is evident that countries not governed by the Shari‘a cannot survive.
Full of confidence in the help of the God, and certain of the support of our Prophet, we deem it necessary and important from now on to introduce new legislation in order to achieve effective administration of the Ottoman government and provinces.”
Mustafa Reshid Pasha, Ottoman Foreign Minister, imperial decree announcing the Tanzimat reforms, 1839
P224-Q47. A historian interpreting the decree would best understand the purpose of the “new legislation” referred to in the second paragraph as an attempt to
(A) establish the Ottoman Empire as a European power by conquering territory in southern Europe (B) establish Ottoman colonies in sub-Saharan Africa to extract natural resources for factories (C) allow the Ottoman government to reconquer territories lost to the Safavid and Mughal empires (D) allow the Ottoman government to compete against industrializing European powers
Answer: (D)
P224-Q48. The decree’s references to following the rules of Shari‘a would best be interpreted as an attempt to appeal to
(A) members of the Ottoman military establishment who supported the dissolution of elite units such as the Janissaries (B) Christian and Jewish merchants within Ottoman society who sought to benefit from economic liberalization (C) Sunni religious elites within the Ottoman government who opposed modernization (D) Shi‘a communities in the Ottoman Empire that wanted a democratic Islamic republic
Answer: (C)
P224-Q49. The decree’s statement regarding the change in the situation of the Ottoman Empire, as described in the first paragraph, is a viewpoint that would most likely have been shared by members of which of the following governments in the nineteenth century?
(A) The Russian Empire in the aftermath of its victory in the Napoleonic War (B) The Qing Empire in the aftermath of the signing of the unequal treaties (C) The Japanese Empire in the immediate aftermath of the Sino-Japanese War (D) The Mughal Empire in the aftermath of the Indian Rebellion against the British
Answer: (B)
P226-Q50. All of the following developments in the nineteenth century directly contributed to the political situation in Africa as depicted on Map 1 EXCEPT
(A) increasing demand for raw materials for factories in Europe (B) diplomatic and strategic rivalries between European states (C) the increasing popularity of Social Darwinist ideas in Europe (D) the global spread of radical Marxist ideologies
Answer: (D)
P226-Q51. Which of the following best explains why Japan was more successful than China in resisting imperialist encroachments in the nineteenth century?
(A) Japan’s manipulaiton of the rivalries among western governments (B) The introduction of democracy by the Meiji Restoration (C) The willingness of Japan’s elite to sponsor reform (D) Lack of interest in Japanese markets (E) Abundant natural resources
Answer: (C)
“The Kamaishi iron deposit consists of several clusters of oxidized iron ore on volcanic rock. It is quite different from the clayed iron ores layered upon coal beds that are commonly found in Britain. The quality of the Kamaishi ore can be categorized as magnetic iron ore of the highest rank. It contains 70% iron, while clayed ore contains only 20–30%. Therefore, in order to produce high quality iron, it was necessary for the government to build a charcoal blast furnace and to order a furnace from Britain. As British engineers were informed that the Kamaishi deposit was rich and the surrounding woods were abundant, they designed a huge charcoal furnace. However, the operation was interrupted within only ninety days. Recently I had a chance to investigate the situation at Kamaishi. After the investigation, I found that despite the claim that Kamaishi is a rich deposit, first of all, the real estimation of the exposed deposit is only about 130 thousand tons. Moreover, because of its mountainous location, it is very difficult to mine and transport. Even if we were able to do so, it would not be commercially successful. Furthermore, within two years the entire woods surrounding Kamaishi will be depleted as a source material for charcoal.” Ito Yajiro, Japanese government inspector, report issued to the Meiji government following the failure of the state-owned Kamaishi Iron Works, 1882
P226-Q52. The Meiji Restoration of the nineteenth century involved internal reforms that included which of the following?
(A) The establishment of direct parliamentary rule (B) The strengthening of the samurai class (C) The modernization of Japan’s military (D) The abolition of private property rights
Answer: (C)
P226-Q53. Which of the following is an accurate comparison between the economic development of Japan and the economic development of Russia in the nineteenth century?
(A) Both countries industrialized, with the state playing an important role in the process. (B) Both countries remained dependent on the West for their economic development. (C) Japan’s economy remained predominantly agrarian, while Russia became a major industrial power. (D) Russia’s industrialization occurred in the early 1800s, while Japan’s industrialization occurred in the late 1800s.
Answer: (A)
P227-Q54. The industrialization of Japan in the nineteenth century most directly led to Japan’s adoption of which of the following foreign policies?
(A) A policy of isolation that sought to limit foreign cultural, economic, and political influences (B) A policy of mediation that sought to prevent conflict among rival states (C) A policy of promoting regional prosperity through the negotiation of free-trade agreements with Western and Asian states (D) A policy of imperial expansion that sought to take advantage of the political and military weakness of neighboring Asian states
Answer: (D)