AP World History MCQ Practice — Unit 5: Revolutions (1750–1900) (Part B)¶
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创建日期: 2026-03-04 最后更新: 2026-03-16
使用说明¶
- 题目数量：48 道选择题（Multiple Choice Questions）
- 建议用时：48 分钟（1 分钟/题，模拟 AP 考试节奏）
- 来源：AP Classroom Official Scoring Guide
- 答案位置：每题下方附 Answer
- 覆盖范围：Unit 5: Revolutions (1750–1900)
- 本部分：Part B（48 题）
P188-Q49. In the period from 1750 to 1850, which of the following political ideologies was gaining increasing influence in western Europe and parts of the Atlantic world?
(A) Liberalism (B) Absolutism (C) Fascism (D) Communism
Answer: (A)
P188-Q50. Which of the following factors contributed most to the increase of world population in the period 1750 to 1900 C.E.?
(A) A decline in the frequency and deadliness of warfare (B) Improvements in agricultural productivity and food distribution (C) Improvements in rural health care (D) A rapid increase in birth rates throughout the globe
Answer: (B)
THE BLACK COUNTRY, ANONYMOUS ENGRAVING DEPICTING THE ENGLISH TOWN OF OLDBURY, CIRCA 1850 Historical Images Archive / Alamy Stock Photo
P188-Q51. The image best illustrates which factor that contributed to Great Britain’s increasing prominence as a global power in the nineteenth century?
(A) Great Britain’s location on the Atlantic Ocean and its many waterways enabled it to import and export goods. (B) Agricultural innovations, such as crop rotation and higher-yielding seeds, increased British agricultural output, kept food prices low, and freed up labor from the countryside. (C) Great Britain’s rapidly growing population ensured a steady supply of industrial workers. (D) Great Britain’s access to foreign resources from colonized territories provided raw materials for manufacturing.
Answer: (A)
P189-Q52. The beginning of the Industrial Revolution in Great Britain was most influenced by which of the following factors?
(A) The amount and location of British petroleum reserves (B) The location and large number of British coal deposits (C) The aggressive promotion of industrialization by George III (D) The spread of cotton cultivation in southern England
Answer: (B)
P189-Q53. Which of the following best supports the view of some world historians that the eighteenth century marked a major turning point in world history?
(A) The beginning of European colonization of Africa (B) The beginning of the Wahhabi movement of Islamic renewal in Arabia (C) The beginning of European colonization of Australia and New Zealand (D) The beginning of the Industrial Revolution in England
Answer: (D)
“Although I am a common woman, I have been the head of a family for some time, and I have fulfilled the various duties required as head of a family. Therefore, I automatically assumed that the government gave all heads of families equal rights regardless of sex. However, I recently found that this is not the case. I was told that I have no right to vote even for the local ward [neighborhood] assembly where I live because I am a woman. I was also told that for the same reason I am unable to sign or co-sign legal documents, although I have my registered legal seal. Thus there is a world of difference between male and female heads of families in terms of rights. But rights and duties should coexist together. It should logically be the case that if the head of family has the right to vote, she has an obligation to pay tax; but if there is no vote, there should be no tax obligation. However, I have to pay tax even though I have no right to vote. Considering this, I feel that my rights have been denied.” Kusunose Kita, Japanese woman political activist and member of the Popular Rights Movement, an organization that advocated expanding voting rights in Japan, “Letter to the Government Authorities,” 1878
P189-Q54. As described in the passage, the voting requirements in Japan circa 1878 most directly reflect the continuing influence of
(A) societal norms that assigned women lower status than the status of men (B) nationalistic ideals that mobilized Japanese men to support imperial expansion (C) middle-class ideals that motivated women to seek work outside the household (D) Buddhist principles that emphasized the spiritual equality of men and women
Answer: (A)
P189-Q55. The author’s argument regarding taxation most closely resembles the arguments made by
(A) Enlightenment thinkers regarding natural rights and the social contract (B) working-class movements regarding better wages and working conditions (C) abolitionist movements regarding the need to end the Atlantic slave trade (D) conservative thinkers regarding the need to preserve the social status of landed elites
Answer: (A)
P189-Q56. Based on the passage, the author would most likely support which of the following policies?
(A) Adopting a socialist system of government to reduce economic inequalities in Japanese society (B) Providing greater educational opportunities to increase women’s economic independence (C) Industrializing the Japanese economy to increase the standard of living for all Japanese citizens (D) Returning Japan’s political order to the way it was under the Tokugawa Shogunate
Answer: (B)
P190-Q57. The type of grievances outlined by the author in the passage was a key contributing factor in the outbreak of which of the following?
(A) The American Revolution (B) The Haitian Revolution (C) The First World War (D) The Second World War
Answer: (A)
P190-Q58. Which of the following statements is true of Latin American independence movements in the nineteenth century?
(A) Slaves led a majority of the armed revolts. (B) Creole elites led most revolts against colonial rule. (C) The United States provided military and financial support to all the revolts. (D) The revolts led to the elimination of racial discrimination throughout Latin America.
Answer: (B)
“Italy has 108 inhabitants per square kilometer. In proportion to its territory, only three countries in Europe surpass Italy in population density: Belgium, the Netherlands, and Great Britain. Every year, 100,000 farmers and agricultural laborers emigrate from Italy. Italy witnesses its place in the family of civilized nations growing smaller and smaller as it looks on with fear for its political and economic future. In fact, during the last eighty years the English-speaking population throughout the world has risen from 22 to 90 million; the Russian-speaking population from 50 to 70; and so forth, down to the Spanish population who were 18 million and are now 39. On the other hand, the Italian-speaking population has only increased from 20 to 31 million. At first, our emigrants were spreading Italy’s language in foreign countries, but since then, their sons and grandsons ended up forgetting the language of their fathers and forefathers.
Realizing that our mistakes have cost us so much in the past and continue to cost us today, I believe that it is less secure and more expensive for our people to continue to try to eke out a living from barren land in Italy than to establish a large and prosperous agricultural colony in Eritrea.*”
*an Italian colonial territory in northeast Africa
Ferdinando Martini, governor of the Italian colony of Eritrea, Concerning Africa, 1897
P190-Q59. The perspective of the author in the first paragraph can best be understood in the context of which of the following nineteenth-century developments?
(A) The expansion of Catholicism in Africa and the Americas (B) The development of new military technologies due to industrialization (C) Competition among European states for global power and influence (D) Increasing African immigration to Italy
Answer: (C)
P191-Q60. Most world historians would agree that the key to European predominance in the world economy during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries was
(A) the Industrial Revolution (B) European medical technology (C) Spanish control of New World silver (D) Portuguese naval and firearms technology (E) the Enlightenment
Answer: (A)
P191-Q61. Most world historians would agree that the key to European predominance in the world economy during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries was
(A) the Industrial Revolution (B) European medical technology (C) Spanish control of New World silver (D) the Enlightenment
Answer: (A)
“We often see articles in our [Brazilian] newspapers trying to convince the reader that slavery among us is a very mild and pleasant condition for the slave—so often, in fact, that one may almost begin to believe that, if slaves were asked, they would prefer slavery to freedom. This only proves that newspaper articles are not written by slaves. . . .
The legal position of slaves in Brazil can be summed up in these words: the Constitution does not apply to them. Our [1824] Constitution is full of lofty ideas [such as]: ‘No citizen can be forced to do anything except as required by law;’ ‘The law shall apply equally to every person;’ ‘Whipping, torture, and all other cruel punishments are abolished,’ etc. Yet, in this ostensibly free nation . . . we must have, on a daily basis, judges, police, and, if need be, the army and navy employed to force enslaved men, women, and children to work night and day without any compensation. To admit this in the highest law of the land would reduce the list of Brazilian freedoms to a transparent fraud. For this reason the Constitution does not even mention slaves or attempt to regulate their status.”
Joaquim Nabuco, Brazilian writer and political activist, Abolitionism, book published 1883
P191-Q62. Which of the following best describes the author’s approach in the first paragraph?
(A) Relying on statistical data to determine the true conditions of slavery (B) Illustrating the damage of slavery by quoting from written slave narratives (C) Using sarcasm to highlight the weakness of the proslavery arguments (D) Providing evidence to corroborate the newspapers’ position
Answer: (C)
P191-Q63. Based on the provisions from the 1824 Constitution cited in the second paragraph, it can be inferred that
(A) the government of Brazil had adopted Enlightenment political principles (B) Brazilian laws continued to be dictated from Portugal (C) Brazilian slaves were inspired to seek further rights by the example of the Haitian Revolution (D) in terms of granting political liberties to its citizens, Brazil was more progressive than most Latin American countries
Answer: (A)
P192-Q64. The second paragraph would most directly support the claim that abolitionists in the late nineteenth century supported their position by
(A) invoking religious ideas of the equality of all humans in the eyes of God (B) educating the public about the ways in which relying on slave labor led to delayed industrialization (C) explicitly rejecting Social Darwinist ideas and other racially based arguments for slavery (D) exposing the discrepancy between the idea of universal human rights and the persistence of slavery
Answer: (D)
“The essence of education, our traditional national aim, is to promote benevolence, justice, loyalty, filial piety, and knowledge and skill. But recently, people have been going to extremes by embracing a foreign civilization whose only values are fact-gathering and technical-skill. These values bring harm to our customary ways. We try to incorporate the best features of foreigners in order to achieve the lofty goals that the Meiji emperor desires. We have tried to abandon the undesirable practices of the past and learn from the outside world. But these policies have had a serious defect. They have reduced benevolence, justice, loyalty, and filial piety to secondary goals. If we indiscriminately imitate foreign ways, our people will forget the great principles governing the relations between ruler and subject and the relations between father and son.” Motoday Nagazane, adviser to the Meiji emperor, treatise written following a tour of Japanese schools with the emperor, 1879
P192-Q65. The values of “foreign civilization” that Nagazane criticized in the passage were most directly a product of the
(A) Renaissance (B) Protestant and Catholic Reformations (C) Enlightenment (D) Scientific and Industrial Revolutions
Answer: (D)
P192-Q66. Rebellious ethnic minorities in the Russian, Ottoman, and Austro-Hungarian Empires during the late nineteenth century were motivated primarily by
(A) communism (B) anarchism (C) syndicalism (D) nationalism (E) nihilism
Answer: (D)
P193-Q67. The North and South American independence movements of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries shared which of the following?
(A) Revolutionary demands based on Enlightenment political ideas (B) Reliance on Christian teachings to define revolutionary demands (C) Industrial economies that permitted both areas to break free of European control (D) Political instability caused by constant warfare among the new states
Answer: (A)
P193-Q68. One important similarity between the American Revolution and the French Revolution is that they both
(A) challenged monarchical governments (B) resulted in the abolition of slavery (C) resulted in the abolition of class divisions in society (D) enabled women to achieve political equality with men
Answer: (A)
Source 1 Women, a warning. Leave not your homes without good reason You may go out to get food or to seek education. In Islam, it is a religious duty to seek knowledge Women may leave their homes freely for this. Repent and behave like respectable married women You must obey your husbands’ lawful demands. You must dress modestly and be God-fearing. Any woman who refuses, receives no benefit, The merciful Lord will punish her. I have written this poem as a warning For you to put to good use in the community of believers. Nana Asma’u, Nigerian Muslim princess and daughter of the founder of the Sokoto Caliphate, poem, 1856 Source 2 Girls used to be exchanged for a herd of camels and goats. But the religion we learned and the Qur’an do not allow this. Today we have no need for men who sell what they do not own And for this old-fashioned trading of women. First get some education and learn how to read and write. Don’t try to turn back people who have woken up! Somali oral poem expressing a woman’s perspective, circa 1960
P193-Q69. Which of the following historical developments in the period 1750–1900 best explains the attitudes toward women in Muslim societies expressed by the authors of the two sources?
(A) Challenges to existing political and social hierarchies (B) Criticisms of the political authority of wealthy elites (C) Arguments about the benefits of free trade for economic growth (D) Acceptance of globalism’s effects on moral behavior
Answer: (A)
P194-Q70. The United States Bill of Rights and the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen reflect a shared concern for
(A) physical elimination of the ruling class (B) confiscation of church property (C) protection of private property (D) preservation of the monarchy (E) establishment of a parliamentary system
Answer: (C)
ENERGY USE BY HUMAN SOCIETIES IN THOUSANDS OF CALORIES PER DAY, AVERAGE PER PERSON, BASED ON ESTIMATED GLOBAL POPULATION
| Year | On Obtaining or Producing Food (including animal feed) | On Home and Commerce | On Industry and Agricultural Infrastructure | On Transportation | Total per Capita |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 10,000 B.C.E. | 3 | 2 | — | — | 5 |
| 3000 B.C.E. | 4 | 4 | 4 | — | 12 |
| 1000 C.E. | 6 | 12 | 7 | 1 | 26 |
| 1850 C.E. | 7 | 32 | 24 | 14 | 77 |
| 2000 C.E. | 10 | 66 | 91 | 63 | 230 |
Source: adapted from David Christian, Maps of Time: An Introduction to Big History, University of California Press, 2004. p. 141
P194-Q71. Which of the following best explains the change in energy consumption in the time period from 1000 to 1850 C.E.?
(A) The increasing mechanization of labor as a result of industrialization (B) The development of command economies during the second industrial revolution (C) The expansion of coerced labor in the Americas (D) The global intensification of peasant labor
Answer: (A)
P195-Q72. Which of the following developments in the Western Hemisphere most directly resulted from the French Revolution?
(A) The expansion of the slave trade in the Americas (B) The extension of the plantation economy in the Caribbean (C) The colonization of Brazil (D) The British conquest of Quebec (E) The creation of the first independent Black republic in the Americas
Answer: (E)
P195-Q73. Which of the following is a significant result of the late-eighteenth- and early-nineteenth-century revolutions in both Europe and the Americas?
(A) The theory of divine right monarchy dominated intellectual discourse in both Europe and the Americas. (B) People throughout Europe and the Americas rejected the concept of popular sovereignty. (C) Nation-states emerged as the principal form of political organization in both Europe and the Americas. (D) Philosophical liberalism as a force in political life declined throughout Europe and the Americas.
Answer: (C)
P195-Q74. The “second Industrial Revolution” in the last half of the nineteenth century was associated with the mass production of which of the following groups of products?
(A) Textiles, iron, and coal (B) Textiles, automobiles, and plastics (C) Airplanes, ships, and radios (D) Electricity, automobiles, and airplanes (E) Electricity, steel, and chemicals
Answer: (E)
APPROXIMATE NUMBER OF SHIPPING VESSELS AND PERCENTAGE OF WORLD TRADE BY REGION, CIRCA 1874–1880
| Region | Total Number of Sailing Vessels | Total Number of Steamships | Percentage of World Trade |
|---|---|---|---|
| Europe | 48,751 | 4,636 | 66.9 |
| North America | 6,869 | 613 | 9.5 |
| Latin America | 357 | 81 | 5.4 |
| Asia | 312 | 35 | 12.9 |
| Africa | N/A | N/A | 1.9 |
| Oceania | N/A | N/A | 3.4 |
P196-Q75. Which of the following best describes an accurate comparison of the relationship between sailing vessels and steamships in the late nineteenth century that is supported by the data in the table?
(A) The total number of sailing vessels in North America was less than the total number of steamships in Europe. (B) The total number of sailing vessels in all regions still greatly surpassed the total number of steamships in all regions. (C) The total number of sailing vessels in all regions was declining in relationship to the total number of steamships in all regions. (D) The total number of sailing vessels in Asia was less than half the total number of steamships in North America.
Answer: (B)
P196-Q76. Which of the following best describes a conclusion about the relationship between steamships and world trade in the late nineteenth century that is supported by the data in the table?
(A) North America had roughly twice the share of world trade as Latin America had because it possessed almost twice as many steamships. (B) Africa and Oceania’s share of world trade was nearly equivalent to Latin America’s share of world trade because all three regions had roughly the same number of steamships. (C) The fact that North America had only the third largest share of world trade by region roughly corresponds to its share of the total number of sailing vessels by region. (D) Europe’s dominance in the total number of steamships roughly correlates to its dominance in world trade.
Answer: (D)
P196-Q77. Which of the following describes a conclusion about Asia that is best supported by the data in the table?
(A) Although Asia had a smaller number of vessels than Africa had, it had a far larger share of world trade. (B) Asia’s percentage of world trade was only slightly less than that of Latin America, Africa, and Oceania combined. (C) Asia’s total number of sailing vessels was nearly half that of Latin America and Europe. (D) Although Asia had far fewer vessels than North America had, Asia was responsible for a larger percentage of world trade.
Answer: (D)
P196-Q78. The North and South American independence movements of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries shared which of the following?
(A) Limitation of civil rights to a minority of the population (B) Reliance on Christian teachings to define revolutionary demands (C) Industrial economies that permitted both areas to break free of European control (D) The desire of a majority of revolutionary leaders to create a politically united hemisphere (E) Political instability caused by constant warfare among the new states
Answer: (A)
“With the powerful help of the Catholic Church and the religious orders, the Portuguese were able to impose their language and culture on a considerable portion of Brazil [by 1700].
Even the [colonial] elite had no educational opportunities in Brazil beyond . . . secondary school. Their only alternative was to leave Brazil for Coimbra University [in Portugal], where one hundred of the sons of the colonial Brazilian elite studied law or medicine during the colonial period. Even Coimbra was a very narrow window onto the intellectual revolution that was transforming the rest of Europe. The luckiest of the lucky young colonialists took a diversion to France, which by the early eighteenth century was caught up in the ferment of the Enlightenment.
By the late 1700s, the . . . Portuguese influence began to lift, as the colonial elite began to produce its own literature.
To this emerging literary tradition was added the beginnings of a popular culture. The first component—religious festivals . . . and a folklore that revolved around religious holidays—was imported from the Portuguese. . . . To this was added the Indian and African presence, which furnished the foundation for the rich tradition of popular music and dance in modern Brazil.
In part, this evolution came about because Brazil had become richer and more important than the mother country. Portugal’s fate was now tied to the wealth of its American colony, rather than the other way around.”
Thomas Skidmore, United States historian, excerpt from academic book, Brazil: Five Centuries of Change, 1999
P197-Q79. Which of the following developments in nineteenth-century Brazil was most likely a product of the experiences of elite Brazilians, as described in the second paragraph?
(A) The relocation of the Portuguese monarch’s court to Brazil (B) The abolition of slavery (C) The beginnings of industrialization of the economy (D) The spread of United States economic imperialism
Answer: (B)
Source 1 “It cannot be denied that when the French nation proclaimed these sacred words, ‘Men are born and remain free and equal in rights,’ it did not break the chains of humankind. It is we who must put these words into action. The wealthy plantation owners of Saint-Domingue [Haiti], therefore, have everything to fear from the influence of our revolution on the current actions of their slaves. These principles overturn the system on which rests their fortunes. No one should be surprised, therefore, that these plantation owners have become the most ardent enemies of these principles. Yet the moment has arrived to change the social system of the colonies, to reintegrate it into humankind. It is in this greater action that the salvation of all parties, justice, and glory will be found. The free men of color demand justice, and they should be granted the same rights of citizenship as other Frenchmen. The colonists should no longer refuse them. The artisan slaves should also be called to freedom on the condition that each slave pays a one-time tax for freedom. The other Black slaves may enjoy a conditional liberty, namely that they remain on the land of their masters and work that land for a period ranging between 10 and 20 years depending on circumstances. Afterward, they may obtain the same full liberty as the artisan slaves.” Armand-Guy Kersaint, French nobleman and deputy in the National Legislative Assembly of France, address to the Assembly, Paris, 1792 Source 2 “To bring the Blacks of Saint-Domingue back to their original condition of slavery is impossible: the writings of the philosophes have spread over the surface of the globe and neither superstition nor despotism can extinguish their ideas. Everything is headed toward general freedom, everything tells you that man will no longer be the slave of man. Tear off the fatal blindfold: the colony of Saint-Domingue will no longer be cultivated by the hands of slaves. But, some will object and say, ‘The Blacks won’t work anymore once they are free. White hands will never suffice to work the land under a burning sun; in short, the colony cannot survive without slavery.’ I understand you, cold egoists, men without feeling! You need slaves, that is, men you can treat like beasts of burden; you need slaves, that is, victims. What law forces a man to give another man the entire fruit of his labor? This Black individual is free, because neither the nation nor the Supreme Being created slaves. He is your equal, because he is a man. He is a French citizen, because he serves the country, because he contributes to its splendor as much as you do, and because the French nation loves all its children equally. In exchange for his labor, the Black man will receive a salary proportional to his effort.” H. D. de Saint-Maurice, French journalist, newspaper article written following the destruction of the largest French city in Saint-Domingue, published in a French newspaper in Saint-Domingue, 1793
P198-Q80. All of the following claims made by Saint-Maurice in Source 2 directly advocate for the abolition of slavery in Saint-Domingue EXCEPT
(A) that “White hands will never suffice to work the land under a burning sun” (B) that “everything tells you that man will no longer be the slave of man” (C) that “He is your equal, because he is a man” (D) that “neither the nation nor the Supreme Being created slaves”
Answer: (A)
P198-Q81. Which of the following most directly influenced the arguments about social and economic change in Saint- Domingue expressed by Kersaint and Saint-Maurice in the passages?
(A) Mercantilists (B) Absolutists (C) Laissez-faire capitalists (D) Enlightenment thinkers
Answer: (D)
P199-Q82. Kersaint and Saint-Maurice’s arguments about granting citizenship to the Black inhabitants of Saint-Domingue are most different from the arguments of those nationalists who claimed that
(A) having a shared language and religion were more important than sharing a contiguous territory in determining who could be citizens within the nation (B) only those born within the territory of the nation and those who shared a common historical origin should be included as citizens within the nation (C) political power could only be exercised through the popular will of the nation’s citizens (D) people from separate national groups with distinct cultural traditions could be equal citizens within the same state
Answer: (B)
P199-Q83. All of the following statements about Armand-Guy Kersaint are factually accurate. Which would best explain why, unlike the author of Source 2, Kersaint is NOT calling for the unconditional and immediate abolition of slavery?
(A) In his writings, Kersaint advocates for encouraging the willing migration of Africans to French colonies rather than their enslavement. (B) As an officer in the French navy, Kersaint had participated in military campaigns against the British in the Caribbean and during the American Revolution. (C) At the time of the French Revolution, Kersaint owned plantations and other property in the French Caribbean. (D) In a pamphlet written shortly before the French Revolution began, Kersaint called for abolishing the traditional privileges of the French nobility in France and its colonies.
Answer: (C)
French nobility in France and its colonies. “The Jiaqing emperor asked the governor Sun Yuting: ’Is Britain wealthy and powerful?’ Sun Yuting responded, ‘Britain is larger than other European countries and is, therefore, powerful. But its power comes from its wealth, which is derived from China. This country is allowed to trade at the port of Canton. It exchanges its goods for our tea. It then resells the tea to Europe and to its colonies in the West, thus becoming wealthy and powerful. Yet, tea is as important to the West as rhubarb is to Russia. If we put an embargo on tea exports, Britain will fall into poverty and its people into sickness. How powerful, then, could Britain possibly be compared to China?’” Sun Yuting, governor of the southern Chinese province of Guangdong, autobiographical account of his conversation with the Jiaqing emperor of the Qing dynasty, early nineteenth century
P199-Q84. Sun Yuting’s analysis of the potential effect of a trade embargo on Great Britain could best be characterized as
(A) inaccurate, because Sun Yuting failed to account for the fact that Great Britain’s economy had largely industrialized (B) inaccurate, because Sun Yuting failed to recognize how new methods of agriculture had greatly increased the quality of food available to Great Britain’s urban poor (C) accurate, because Sun Yuting recognized how much the possession of colonies burdened Great Britain’s economy (D) accurate, because Sun Yuting understood that revolutionary wars had bankrupted Great Britain
Answer: (A)
P200-Q85. Which of the following best characterizes the economic situation of most Asian states such as China at the end of the nineteenth century?
(A) They had become dependent on imports of natural resources from Western states. (B) Although their agricultural exports declined, their share of global manufacturing increased. (C) They became dependent on the maritime commerce of their joint-stock companies. (D) Although their overall wealth declined, they continued to produce finished goods.
Answer: (D)
“It is not surprising that your nation [Japan] considers it its mission to unite and lead Asia. The European nations, for all their differences, are united like a single country in their attitude towards the non-Europeans. If, for instance, the Mongolians threatened to take a piece of European territory, all the European countries would make common cause to resist them. But Japan cannot stand alone. She would be bankrupt in competition with a united Europe, and she could not expect support in Europe. It is natural that she should seek it in Asia, in association with a free China, Thailand, and, perhaps, in the ultimate course of things, a free India. An associated Asia would be a powerful force. Of course, that is to look a long way ahead, and there are many obstacles in the way, notably the absence of a common language and the difficulty of communication. But—from India through Thailand to Japan—we are, I believe, kindred peoples, having in common possession so much religion, art, philosophy.” Rabindranath Tagore, Indian poet and Nobel Prize in Literature recipient, excerpt from a speech given while on a tour of Japan, 1916
P200-Q86. Which of the following nineteenth-century historical processes gave rise to arguments for regional unity similar to those made by the author?
(A) Russia and Great Britain’s struggle for influence over Central Asia (B) European countries’ efforts to carve out colonial territories during the scramble for Africa (C) Spanish Latin American colonies’ struggles for independence (D) The establishment of rival alliances in Western Europe following the unification of Germany
Answer: (C)
P200-Q87. The United States Declaration of Independence and the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen reflect a shared concern for
(A) physical elimination of the ruling class (B) confiscation of church property (C) protection of private property (D) preservation of the monarchy
Answer: (C)
NUMBER OF ENSLAVED AFRICANS TRANSPORTED TO THE AMERICAS, 1519–1800
| Period | By British Ships | By French Ships | By Dutch Ships | By Portuguese Ships | Totals |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1519–1600 | 2,000 | - | - | 264,100 | 266,100 |
| 1601–1650 | 23,000 | - | 41,000 | 439,500 | 503,500 |
| 1651–1675 | 115,200 | 5,900 | 64,800 | 53,700 | 239,800 |
| 1676–1700 | 243,300 | 34,100 | 56,100 | 161,100 | 510,000 |
| 1701–1725 | 380,900 | 106,300 | 65,500 | 378,300 | 831,000 |
| 1726–1750 | 490,500 | 253,900 | 109,200 | 405,600 | 1,258,200 |
| 1751–1775 | 859,100 | 321,500 | 148,000 | 472,900 | 1,801,500 |
| 1776–1800 | 741,300 | 419,500 | 40,800 | 626,200 | 1,827,800 |
Source: Data adapted from David Eltis, et al. The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade: A Database on CD-ROM (New York: Cambridge University Press. 2000).
P201-Q88. In the nineteenth century, the spread of which of the following most strongly contributed to a sharp decline in the slave trade?
(A) Revolutionary movements in the Caribbean that successfully duplicated the results of the Haitian Revolution (B) Enlightenment ideas challenging traditional notions of individual and natural rights (C) Marxist ideas advocating for the overthrow of the capital-holding classes (D) Romantic ideas challenging traditional beliefs about the relationship between humans and nature
Answer: (B)
P201-Q89. Which of the following best supports the argument that the last three decades of the nineteenth century were a turning point in world history?
(A) Significant increases in demand for fossil fuels for industrial uses (B) Transition from use of coal and steam to nuclear power (C) Worldwide transition from polytheism to monotheism (D) Significant increases in agricultural productivity due to Green Revolution technology
Answer: (A)
P202-Q90. Which of the following was a major reason for the decline in India’s share of the global manufacture of cotton textiles by the end of the nineteenth century?
(A) Climate change that significantly altered the growing season (B) Disruption of production from disputes with labor unions (C) Competition from industrially produced British textiles (D) Religious opposition to capitalist modes of production
Answer: (C)
P203-Q1. “Eight hours’ daily labour is enough for any human being, and under proper arrangements sufficient to afford an ample supply of food, raiment and shelter, or the necessaries and comforts of life, and for the remainder of his time, every person is entitled to education, recreation and sleep.” Robert Owen, British factory owner and reformer, 1833 The excerpt above emphasizes which of the following solutions to the exploitation of industrial laborers?
(A) Radical changes to the socioeconomic structure of Europe (B) Abolition of the factory system and industrial wage labor (C) Free food, housing, and other necessities for factory workers (D) Sufficient wages for factory workers to live full, comfortable lives
Answer: (D)
P203-Q2. “Nobody has one exclusive sphere of activity but each can become accomplished in any branch he wishes, society regulates the general production and thus makes it possible for me to do one thing today and another tomorrow, to hunt in the morning, fish in the afternoon, raise cattle in the evening, [and] criticize after dinner.” Karl Marx, German philosopher, describing his view of life in a communist society, 1846 Marx’s statement in the passage above is best understood in the context of which of the following responses to the development and spread of global capitalism in the nineteenth century?
(A) A movement to gain higher wages and shorter hours for workers (B) A movement to articulate an alternative vision of society (C) A movement to convince workers that global capitalism would ultimately benefit them (D) A movement to celebrate the productive capacity of global capitalism
Answer: (B)
P203-Q3. “The [Qing] government sponsored a number of projects designed to bolster the navy. The idea was to adopt Western technology but not the values and philosophies that produced it—China would learn from the West, equal it, and then surpass it.” Haiwang Yuan, editor, historian, This is China: The First 5,000 Years, 2010 The philosophy behind the late-nineteenth-century Chinese policy mentioned above was part of which of the following?
(A) The increase in millenarian movements in the nineteenth century (B) The Chinese government’s embrace of procolonial policies (C) The Chinese government’s attempt to reform the economy through self-strengthening (D) The increasing popularity of Communist thought in China
Answer: (C)
P204-Q4. "The proletariat [working class] grows together with the growth of capitalism. But the day when power goes over into the hands of the proletariat depends immediately not on the level of the productive forces, but on a series of subjective factors: tradition, initiative, readiness for struggle. In a country which is economically more backward, the proletariat can come to power sooner than in an advanced capitalist country.” Leon Trotsky, Russian communist leader, article, 1906 Which of the following best represents the purpose of Trotsky’s statement in the passage above?
(A) To argue that Russia is ripe for a socialist revolution, despite being less industrialized than other European countries (B) To question the applicability of Marxist class categories outside of western Europe (C) To demonstrate that historical change is ultimately driven by individuals, rather than by large impersonal processes (D) To assert that the phase of proletarian dictatorship is a necessary prerequisite to a successful socialist revolution
Answer: (A)
P205-Q5. Which of the following developments in the period 1878–1922 best explains the change in Japanese trade patterns shown in the graphs above?
(A) Japanese manufacturing output decreased because Japanese leaders restricted commercial ties. (B) Export of manufactured goods declined because United States tariffs on Japanese goods increased. (C) Japanese manufacturing output rose as a consequence of industrialization. (D) Japanese imports of raw materials increased as a consequence of extensive immigration to Japan.
Answer: (C)
P205-Q6. All of the following resulted from the French and Russian Revolutions EXCEPT
(A) a loss of power for the established church (B) a socialist economic system (C) the execution of the monarch and family (D) the rise of a strong autocratic leader
Answer: (B)
P205-Q7. During the nineteenth century, Asian and African rulers usually desired transfer of which of the following western technologies most?
(A) Medicines (B) Weapons (C) Navigational instruments (D) Textile manufacturing equipment (E) Chemical fertilizers
Answer: (B)