AP World History MCQ Practice — Unit 5: Revolutions (1750–1900) (Part A)¶
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创建日期: 2026-03-04 最后更新: 2026-03-16
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- 题目数量：48 道选择题（Multiple Choice Questions）
- 建议用时：48 分钟（1 分钟/题，模拟 AP 考试节奏）
- 来源：AP Classroom Official Scoring Guide
- 答案位置：每题下方附 Answer
- 覆盖范围：Unit 5: Revolutions (1750–1900)
- 本部分：Part A（48 题）
P168-Q1. “Americans today . . . who live within the Spanish system occupy a position in society no better than that of serfs destined for labor, or at best they have no more status than that of mere consumers. Yet even this status is surrounded with galling restrictions, such as being forbidden to grow European crops, or to store products which are royal monopolies, or to establish factories of a type the Peninsula itself does not possess. To this add the exclusive trading privileges, even in articles of prime necessity, and the barriers between American provinces, designed to prevent all exchange of trade, traffic, and understanding.” Simón Bolívar, Jamaica Letter, 1815 The quotation above best supports which of the following conclusions about the author’s motives for resistance to Spanish colonial rule in Latin America?
(A) Bolívar opposed the use of Native Americans and Africans as forced laborers in Latin America. (B) Bolívar rejected Spanish mercantilist policies that restricted free trade in Latin America. (C) Bolívar was alarmed by the excessive consumerism in the Spanish empire. (D) Bolívar hoped to undo the effects of the columbian exchange.
Answer: (B)
P168-Q2. “And God gave unto the Polish kings and knights freedom, that all might be brothers, both the richest and the poorest. The king and the men of knightly rank received into their brotherhood still more people…. And the number of brothers became as great as a nation, and in no nation were there so many people free and calling each other brothers as in Poland.” Adam Mickiewicz, poem, 1832, about Polish uprisings against Russia in 1830 and 1831 The passage above best reflects which of the following?
(A) Marxist critiques of unequal distribution of wealth (B) Discontent with government bureaucracy (C) Development of nationalism (D) Criticism of religion’s role in public life
Answer: (C)
P168-Q3. “Liberty and justice consist of restoring all that belongs to others; thus, the only limits on the exercise of the natural rights of woman are perpetual male tyranny; these limits are to be reformed by the laws of nature and reason.” Olympe de Gouges, French feminist, Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen, 1791 The passage above is an example of which of the following processes occurring in the eighteenth century?
(A) The emergence of nationalism (B) The formation of separatist movements (C) The application of Enlightenment ideas (D) The growth of empirical science
Answer: (C)
P169-Q4. “Spirits of Moctezuma, Cuauhtémoc and other Aztec heroes, as once you celebrated that feast before being slaughtered by the treacherous sword of the Spanish conquistadors, so now celebrate this happy moment in which your sons have united to avenge the crimes and outrages committed against you, and to free themselves from the claws of [Spanish] tyranny and fanaticism. To the 12th of August 1521—the day that the chains of our serfdom were fastened—there now succeeds the 14th of September 1813—when these chains are broken forever.” José María Morelos, Mexican Revolutionary, speech, 1813 Judging from the excerpt above, which of the following was the main purpose of Morelos’ speech?
(A) To outline a plan for the long-term development of the new Mexican state (B) To oppose the claims of Mexican Creoles seeking to play a leading role in the new state (C) To offer a vision of Mexican history that could be used as a basis for nation building (D) To suggest that the establishment of the Mexican nation-state was proof of the superiority of the Aztecs
Answer: (C)
P169-Q5. A key issue that historians have debated in explaining the reasons for nineteenth-century slave emancipations involves
(A) the decline of export industries (B) the powers of African governments (C) the role of humanitarianism (D) racist interpretations of the theory of evolution (E) the spread of Marxism
Answer: (C)
P169-Q6. Slavery and serfdom were abolished in the 1860s in
(A) Great Britain and Brazil (B) the United States and Russia (C) France and Algeria (D) Austria-Hungary and India (E) China and the Ottoman Empire
Answer: (B)
P169-Q7. Adoption of which of the following power sources has contributed the most to increasing the energy available to humans?
(A) Draft animals (B) Wind power (C) Fossil fuels (D) Nuclear power
Answer: (C)
P170-Q8. After the abdication of the last Qing emperor in China in 1912, the new republican government adopted a new national flag (the so-called five-races-together-in-harmony flag) in which five stripes represented the five main ethnic groups: the Han Chinese, the Manchus, the Tibetans, the Uighurs, and the Mongols. The adoption of the new flag is an example of which of the following processes?
(A) Governmental efforts of new states to undo the tolerant ethnic and religious policies of their imperial predecessors in order to promote greater uniformity (B) Governmental efforts of new states to reduce their political and economic dependence on former colonial powers (C) Efforts by authoritarian governments to mobilize all segments of society for a conflict with foreign powers (D) Governmental efforts of multinational states to promote a new nationalist identity that would help prevent the emergence of ethnic separatism
Answer: (D)
P170-Q9. Which of the following most directly explains the importance of improved agricultural productivity to the industrialization of economic production in western Europe in the period 1750–1900 ?
(A) Because the nutritional quality of food greatly improved, more people were able to sustain the long working hours that factory labor required. (B) Because less labor was needed on farms, more people moved to urban areas to work in factories. (C) Because farmers needed less land to produce the same amount of food, they could build textile factories on the excess land. (D) Because greater quantities of food could be sold at higher prices, governments could tax farmers at higher rates and use those revenues to build factories.
Answer: (B)
On Monday news reached us that the French* had printed a proclamation in Arabic and had sent it around to be read in public, calling upon Egyptians to obey them. A copy of that document came into my possession and I will quote it here:
'In the name of Allah, the Merciful, the Compassionate. On behalf of the French Republic which is based upon the foundations of liberty and equality, General Bonaparte addresses all Egyptian people: O ye Egyptians, some may tell you that we have come here to abolish your religion, but that is a lie. The real purpose of our campaign is to restore your rights from your oppressors\u2014the Mamluk** rulers of Egypt. Know that all people are equal and that only differences in the degree of reason, virtue, or knowledge may be used to elevate one person above another. But what reason, virtue, or knowledge do the Mamluks have that gives them the right to claim the most fertile land, the most desirable dwellings, and the highest government positions in Egypt? None whatsoever.'
In that proclamation, their statement 'In the name of Allah, etc.' suggests that they agree with Islam. But in reality they are opposed to both Christianity and Islam and do not hold fast to any religion. They are materialists who deny the Hereafter and Resurrection, and who reject Prophethood and religious Messengership. In politics, too, they do not have a single ruler, like other countries, who can speak on their behalf."
*In 1798 a French army led by Napoleon Bonaparte invaded Egypt in an attempt to threaten Great Britain's access to its colonial empire in India. **the ruling class in Egypt at the time, mostly made up of non-Egyptians
Abd al-Rahman al-Jabarti, Egyptian religious scholar and resident of Cairo, eyewitness chronicle of the French occupation of Egypt, 1798\u20131801
P171-Q10. Which of the following claims does Napoleon make about religion in the document al-Jabarti quotes in the second paragraph?
(A) The French had come to convert Egypt to Christianity. (B) The French had come to abolish Islam. (C) The French did not wish to change the religion of the people of Egypt. (D) The French state was not based on the principles of the Enlightenment.
Answer: (C)
P171-Q11. Which of the following claims does al-Jabarti make about the French?
(A) The French are Muslim but pretend to be Christian. (B) The French are Christian but pretend to be Muslim. (C) The French do not believe in either Christianity or Islam. (D) The French have created a new religion of their own.
Answer: (C)
P171-Q12. All of the following contributed to the rise of industrialization in western Europe and North America during the nineteenth century EXCEPT
(A) geographic distribution of coal and iron (B) legal protection of private property (C) improved agricultural productivity (D) increased rights for laborers
Answer: (D)
P172-Q13. The print above suggests that as nineteenth-century Japan industrialized, Japanese women did which of the following?
(A) Stayed at home, out of the workforce. (B) Demonstrated against participation in the factory system. (C) Became involved in the factory system and industrial production. (D) Enjoyed leadership positions over their male counterparts in factories and industries. (E) Chose to continue the domestic, or cottage, system of production.
Answer: (C)
P173-Q14. The Australian catalog page of 1929 shown above shows women primarily as
(A) mothers (B) executives (C) patriots (D) participants in competitive sports (E) consumers in a world economy
Answer: (E)
“By the end of the nineteenth century, Germany had advanced beyond Britain in terms of economic output. The prime reason for this development was that Germany developed newer industries, while Britain continued to stress textile production. Formerly an agricultural country, the German Empire has come to be regarded as one of the leading industrial nations of the world and, in the chemical industries, Germany has for some time occupied a leading place.
One of the most successful chemical and pharmaceutical firms in Germany is the Bayer company. Bayer employs 3,500 people alone at its plant in Leverkusen,* and the factory is so gigantic that all of these people are barely noticed when a visitor tours it. The laboratories are arranged very much in the same manner as the university laboratories in Britain. Each workstation receives a supply of electricity, compressed air, steam, and hot and cold water. The research chemists are paid a salary of about 100 British pounds for the first year. If a chemist has shown himself to be useful in his first year, he may receive a longer contract and may receive royalties on any processes that he invented.”
*a city located in west-central Germany near Cologne; until the development of the German chemical industry in the late nineteenth century, Leverkusen was a small rural community.
Harold Baron, British historian, book describing the chemical industry of Europe, published in 1909
P174-Q15. The emergence of the German industries referred to in the passage is most directly explained by which of the following processes in the nineteenth century?
(A) The spread of new industrial technologies such as the internal combustion engine from the United States (B) The development of new methods of production during the second industrial revolution (C) The greater diversity of manufactured goods produced by industrial factories (D) The growing importance of using coal as fuel in industrial production
Answer: (B)
P174-Q16. Great Britain’s development of the industry referred to in the first paragraph during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries is best explained by the fact that British factories were the first to
(A) use steam-powered machines for large-scale economic production (B) use natural resources from colonies to create finished products (C) use coerced labor for producing manufactured goods (D) take advantage of mercantilist economic policies to protect themselves from foreign competition
Answer: (A)
P174-Q17. Which of the following developments in the nineteenth century would most likely help explain the size and composition of the workforce at the Bayer plant as described in the second paragraph?
(A) The construction of railroads facilitated the migration of people to interior regions. (B) The invention of steamships facilitated the migration of colonial subjects to imperial metropoles. (C) The invention of the telegraph made it easier for companies to recruit educated workers from across the world. (D) The discovery of electricity made rural communities more attractive places to live for wealthy urbanites.
Answer: (A)
“[Nineteenth-century] Indian liberal ideas, I argue, were foundational to all forms of Indian nationalism and the country’s modern politics. Yet Indian liberalism was both wider in scope, and more specific in its remedies, than what is commonly called nationalism. To put it in its most positive light, Indian liberalism represented a broad range of thought and practice directed to the pursuit of political and social liberty. Its common features were a desire to re-empower India’s people with personal freedom in the face of a despotic government of foreigners, entrenched traditional authority, and supposedly corrupt domestic or religious practices. Indian liberals sought representation in government service, on grand juries and, later, on elective bodies. They demanded a free press, freedom of assembly and public comment. Liberals broadly accepted the principle of individual property rights, subject to various degrees of protection for the masses against economic exploitation. Liberals emphasized education, particularly women’s education. Educated women would help to abolish domestic tyranny, reinstate the ancient Hindu ideal of companionate marriage and improve the race. But a fine line was to be drawn between instructing women and permitting excessive license in gender relations, which was seen as a Western corruption.” Christopher Bayly, British historian, Recovering Liberties: Indian Thought in the Age of Liberalism and Empire, 2012
P175-Q18. Based on Bayly’s argument, Indian liberal ideas were most clearly influenced by which of the following?
(A) Classical Indian religious and philosophical traditions (B) Marxist political theories of class struggle (C) Enlightenment concepts of natural rights (D) Laissez-faire capitalism espoused by European thinkers
Answer: (C)
P175-Q19. The Indian liberal view of women discussed in the passage is best understood in the context of which of the following?
(A) Changes in gender roles as a result of Indian industrialization (B) Emerging women’s suffrage and feminist movements (C) The predominantly male migration of Indian indentured labor overseas (D) The development of more effective means of birth control
Answer: (B)
P175-Q20. Many Indian historians after independence would likely have objected to Bayly’s characterization of Indian liberalism on the basis of their belief that
(A) Indian nationalism was inspired predominantly by Indian cultural and political traditions (B) environmental considerations were a primary motive behind Indian nationalist sentiment (C) French literary theories in the late twentieth century were critical to understanding Indian nationalism (D) the military rebellion in support of the last Mughal emperor was the defining moment for Indian nationalism
Answer: (A)
I have longed to make the acquaintance of a ‘modern girl,’ that proud, independent girl who has all my sympathy! I do not belong to the Indian world, but to that of my sisters who are struggling forward in the distant West. If the laws of my land permitted it, I would be like the new woman in Europe; but age-long traditions that cannot be broken hold us back. Someday those traditions will loosen and let us go, but it may be three, four generations after us. Oh, you do not know what it is to love this young, new age with heart and soul, and yet to be bound hand and foot, chained by all the laws, customs, and conventions of one’s land. All our institutions are directly opposed to the progress for which I so long for the sake of our people. Day and night I wonder by what means our ancient traditions could be overcome. But it was not the voices alone which reached me from that distant, bright, new-born Europe, which made me long for a change in existing conditions for women. Even in my childhood, the word ‘emancipation’ enchanted my ears and awakened in me an ever- growing longing for freedom and independence—a longing to stand alone.” Raden Adjeng Kartini, Javanese noblewoman in Dutch Indonesia, letter to a friend, Java, 1899
P176-Q21. Based on the letter, Kartini’s views were most similar to the views espoused by members of which of the following movements?
(A) The socialist movement (B) The early feminist movement (C) The abolitionist movement (D) The anti-imperialist movement
Answer: (B)
P176-Q22. Which of the following best explains Kartini’s familiarity with the ideas regarding social roles that she discusses in her letter?
(A) The expansion of public education systems as governments increasingly centralized (B) The spread of Enlightenment thought as empires consolidated control over their territories (C) The development of new mass media technologies such as radio (D) The increasing overseas migration of Asians as laborers in European colonies
Answer: (B)
“Americans today . . . who live within the Spanish system occupy a position in society no better than that of serfs destined for labor, or at best they have no more status than that of mere consumers. Yet even this status is surrounded with galling restrictions, such as being forbidden to grow European crops, . . . or to establish factories of a type the Peninsula itself does not possess. To this add the exclusive trading privileges, even in articles of prime necessity, and the barriers between American provinces, designed to prevent all exchange of trade, traffic, and understanding. In short, do you wish to know what our future held?—simply the cultivation of fields . . . cattle raising . . . hunting wild game . . . mining gold.” Simón Bolívar, Letter from Jamaica, 1815
P176-Q23. In the excerpt, Bolívar expresses which of the following?
(A) Concern about the lack of restrictions on capital investments (B) Outrage at the effects of mercantilist policies (C) Disgust with the extravagant spending of socialist governments (D) Rebellion against the restrictions of feudalism
Answer: (B)
“Americans . . . who live within the Spanish system occupy a position in society as mere consumers. Yet even this status is surrounded with galling restrictions, such as being forbidden to grow European crops, or to store products that are royal monopolies, or to establish factories of a type the Peninsula itself does not possess. To this, add the exclusive trading privileges, even in articles of prime necessity . . . in short, do you wish to know what our future held?–simply the cultivation of the fields of indigo, grain, coffee, sugarcane, cacao, and cotton; cattle raising on the broad plains; hunting wild game in the jungles; digging in the earth to mine its gold.” Simón Bolívar, “Jamaica Letter,” 1815
P177-Q24. Which of the following groups was Bolívar most trying to influence with this letter?
(A) Mulatto shopkeepers (B) Plantation slaves (C) Amerindian miners (D) Creole elites
Answer: (D)
P177-Q25. Bolívar was describing the effects of which of the following economic policies?
(A) Feudalism (B) Mercantilism (C) Socialism (D) Capitalism
Answer: (B)
P177-Q26. The industrialization of Great Britain’s economy in the mid-eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries is most directly explained by which of the following?
(A) Britain had large reserves of petroleum. (B) British scientists were the first to discover electricity. (C) Britain had large reserves of coal. (D) British engineers developed new methods of producing cheaper steel.
Answer: (C)
INFORMATION ON PROFITS AND RISKS OF VARIOUS INVESTMENT TYPES, PROVIDED BY ENGLISH COMMERCIAL BANKS AND OTHER PRIVATE LENDERS TO PROSPECTIVE INVESTORS, 1750 TO 1800
| Investment Opportunity | Expected Rates of Return or Rates of Interest Charged (per year or per voyage) | Perceived Risk |
|---|---|---|
| Land in Great Britain | 3–6% per year | Low |
| Investing in commercial enterprises in Great Britain | 6–12% per year | Variable |
| Land in India | 12% per year | Low-Moderate |
| Loans to European merchants in India or China | 10–15% per year | Moderate-High |
| Loans to Indian or Chinese merchants in India or China | 14–25% per year | Moderate-High |
| Financing trading voyages for Chinese ships from China to Southeast Asia | 30–40% per voyage | High |
| Financing trading voyages for European ships to India, China, Southeast Asia, or the Arabian Peninsula | 18–50% per voyage | High |
Source: Adapted from Jessica Hanser, "From Cross-Cultural Credit to Colonial Debt: British Expansion in Madras and Canton, 1750–1800," American Historical Review 124:1 (2019).
P178-Q27. Which of the following most likely explains the differences in the perceived risk associated with investing in land in Britain and investing in land in India, as shown in the table?
(A) While improvements in agricultural productivity made investing in land in Britain relatively safe, Britain was still in the process of securing its control over India. (B) Britain had a well-developed cottage manufacturing economy that could supplement agricultural income, while India did not. (C) Rapid urbanization in Britain facilitated large increases in land prices, while the decline of the Mughal Empire led to economic stagnation in India. (D) While Britain had irrigation systems that made its agricultural land productive, India’s climate made sustaining agriculture difficult.
Answer: (A)
P178-Q28. Over the course of the nineteenth century, the risks associated with financing the trading voyages of European ships would
(A) decrease, as steamships offered a more reliable and safer method of oceanic transportation (B) increase, as Asian navies became more of a threat to European navies (C) increase, as the rise of new colonial powers such as Italy and Germany threatened international trade (D) decrease, as international organizations succeeded in eliminating almost all piracy
Answer: (A)
P179-Q29. By 1830 revolutions in the Atlantic world resulted in which of the following changes?
(A) The political independence of colonies in both North and South America (B) The emancipation of slaves everywhere in the Atlantic world (C) Political and economic domination of the Western Hemisphere by the United States (D) The creation of a politically unified South America
Answer: (A)
“The Muslims are not the greatest traders in Asia, though they are dispersed in almost every part of it. In Ottoman Turkey, the Christians and Jews carry on the main foreign trade, and in Persia the Armenian Christians and Indians. As to the Persians, they trade with their own countrymen, one province with another, and most of them trade with the Indians. The Armenian Christians manage alone the whole European trade [with Persia].
The abundance of the Persian silk that is exported is very well known. The Dutch import it into Europe via the Indian Ocean to the value of near six hundred thousand livres* yearly. All the Europeans who trade in Ottoman Turkey import nothing more valuable than the Persian silks, which they buy from the Armenians. The Russians import it as well.
Persia exports to the Indies [an] abundance of tobacco, all sorts of fruit, marmalade, wines, horses, ceramics, feathers, and Turkish leather of all colors, of which a great amount is exported to Russia and other European countries. The exportation of steel and iron is forbidden in the kingdom, but it is exported notwithstanding.
There are some Persian traders who have deputies in all parts of the world, as far as Sweden on the one side and China on the other side.”
*French currency unit
Jean Chardin, French jeweler and merchant, on his travels to Safavid Persia, 1686
P179-Q30. Which of the following historical processes after 1750 contributed most directly to a change in Safavid production and export patterns as described in the passage?
(A) Economic liberalization (B) European industrialization (C) The abolition of slavery (D) The global silver trade
Answer: (B)
P179-Q31. Which of the following European developments is most closely associated with the revolution in Haiti?
(A) The Protestant Reformation (B) The Russian Revolution (C) The French Revolution (D) The Industrial Revolution
Answer: (C)
P180-Q32. In what way did the Haitian Revolution differ from the French Revolution?
(A) The French Revolution was inspired by Enlightenment ideas while the Haitian Revolution was not. (B) The Haitian Revolution began because of unfair taxation by the French king. (C) The leaders of the Haitian Revolution came from a different social class than did the leaders of the French Revolution. (D) The leaders of the French Revolution wanted religious freedom while the leaders of the Haitian Revolution wanted equal representation.
Answer: (C)
Revolution wanted equal representation. “I think we should continue to emphasize the history and culture of the West, while encompassing the rest, because the West has in fact made the world we know. Anyone who wants to participate in the world community in the coming century had better know how and why the West has defined, and will continue to define, world civilization. Why do I say that? Because everybody wants what we have: science and technology, prosperity, and democracy—that is, our philosophy, our economics, our politics. It is the simple truth that science and technology emerge out of Western philosophy, not out of the philosophy of India, China, or the African nations. Since it is a fact that people everywhere aspire to the material advantages that flow, uniquely I think, from the modes of social organization that the West has devised—its economics, its science and technology, and also its politics and philosophy—I think it is time to stop apologizing and start analyzing what has made [the West] the world-defining power that it is.” Jacob Neusner, historian, “It is Time to Stop Apologizing for Western Civilization and to Start Analyzing Why It Defines World Culture,” The Chronicle of Higher Education, 1989
P180-Q33. The author’s argument regarding the effects of Western philosophy on the world is likely based on which of the following?
(A) The technological innovations of Greece and Rome (B) The global spread of Christianity as a result of European trade and conquest (C) The adoption of European Enlightenment political and scientific principles worldwide (D) The globalization of popular European postmodern philosophy
Answer: (C)
“I read with interest the recent article in your newspaper entitled ‘Should a Woman Demand All the Rights of a Man?’ In my view, to answer that question correctly, we first need to examine the roles of men and women in civilization—especially modern civilization—because what may have been true in ancient times no longer applies in our present situation.
Modern civilization has moved beyond the condition of the past because, in the past, society was characterized by roughness and reliance on physical power, where victory went to him who was the strongest or the best able to endure hardship, or to him who perpetrated the most atrocities, such as killing people, etc., —in other words, to him who was farthest from women’s gentle nature and compassionate heart. By contrast, the basis of our modern civilization is good upbringing and the refinement of morals, through the development of literary knowledge, courtesy, and compassion for the oppressed. This is something that women are better at. So all our doctors and scientists who exalt man’s strong muscles, his wide skull, his long arm-to-body ratio and the like, miss the point entirely. Those physical facts, while undeniable, no longer grant man the right of preference over woman in regard to modern civilization.”
Letter from an anonymous female reader to the Egyptian journal Al-Hilal, 1894
P181-Q34. The disputes over women’s rights alluded to in the letter best reflect which of the following late-nineteenth-century changes in Middle Eastern societies?
(A) The abolition of the veil following the collapse of the Ottoman Empire (B) The expansion of mass public education for both boys and girls (C) The growing popular support for parliamentary forms of governance (D) The spread of intellectual and political debates informed by Enlightenment ideas
Answer: (D)
P181-Q35. The letter’s reference in the second paragraph to the claims of “our doctors and scientists” is best understood in the context of which of the following late-nineteenth-century processes?
(A) Physical differences between genders and racial groups were used to justify the denial of rights to women and non-Europeans. (B) The achievements of medieval Muslim science became known in the West, stimulating new interest in biology and medicine. (C) Bourgeois ideas of cultural and literary refinement became prevalent in many parts of the world. (D) The scientific method stressing experimentation and the collection of empirical evidence was discovered and first used.
Answer: (A)
A SKETCH BY JAN BRANDES, DUTCH LUTHERAN MINISTER LIVING IN JAKARTA, INDONESIA, 1784 Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam, The Netherlands / Bridgeman Images The sketch shows the artist’s son Johnny and Flora, an enslaved Indonesian household servant.
P182-Q36. Which of the following would most directly challenge the labor system portrayed in the sketch?
(A) Trade unionism (B) The Enlightenment (C) Social Darwinism (D) Marxism
Answer: (B)
P183-Q37. Which of the following contributed the most to the growth of the movement to abolish slavery in the Atlantic world?
(A) Increased availability of Asian indentured labor (B) The adaptation of Enlightenment ideas challenging established social hierarchies (C) The efforts of industrialists to create a more flexible workforce (D) A decline in the number of enslaved persons being taken from Africa
Answer: (B)
P183-Q38. Many historians have argued that by the late nineteenth century the industrialized nations of Europe had achieved global economic dominance more through force and coercion than through the superiority of their industrial products. Which of the following nineteenth-century developments would best support this contention?
(A) The growth of industrial production in North America (B) The growth of South American agricultural exports (C) The abolition of slavery in the Americas (D) The decline of the Indian textile industry’s share of global manufacturing
Answer: (D)
P183-Q39. The development of the factory system most directly explains which of the following characteristics of the Industrial Revolution in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries?
(A) The higher degree of educational achievement among workers (B) A decline in the diversity of consumer goods (C) Large increases in the prices of most consumer goods (D) The greater degree of labor specialization
Answer: (D)
P183-Q40. The first successful revolution in the Caribbean and South America was launched in
(A) Haiti (B) Argentina (C) Cuba (D) Columbia (E) Jamaica
Answer: (A)
“Mexico is the country of inequality. Nowhere does there exist such a profound difference in the distribution of fortune, civilization, cultivation of the soil, and population. The indigenous people offer a picture of extreme misery. They are banished into the most barren districts and live only from hand to mouth. Besides them, there are the people called castas, who spring from the mixture of the races with one another. These castas constitute a mass almost as considerable as the indigenous people.
The government is suspicious of the Creoles[1] and bestows great estates exclusively on European Spaniards. Since 1789 we frequently hear the following being proudly declared, ‘I am not a Spaniard, I am an American!’ These are words that betray a long resentment. In the eye of law, every White Creole is a Spaniard, but the abuse of the laws, the bad policies of the colonial government, and the influence of the opinions of the age have loosened the bonds that formerly united more closely the Mexican Creoles to the European Spaniards.”
Alexander Von Humboldt, Prussian geographer and explorer, Political Essay on the Kingdom of New Spain, 1811
1 a reference to people of European descent who were born in the Americas
P184-Q41. The passage would be most useful to a historian researching which of the following topics?
(A) The global influence of Enlightenment ideals on emerging nationalist movements (B) The influence of Christianization on ethnic identities (C) The influence of the Marxist concept of class conflict on Latin American societies (D) The global influence of economic liberalism on imperial land policies
Answer: (A)
P186-Q42. Image 1 best illustrates which of the following broad economic transformations in the period circa 1750 ?
(A) The transition from an industrial to a postindustrial economy (B) The transition from a human- and animal-powered economy to a fossil-fuel economy (C) The transition from the First Industrial Revolution to the Second Industrial Revolution (D) The transition from guild-system manufacturing to putting-out-system manufacturing
Answer: (B)
P186-Q43. Which of the following was the most immediate effect of the processes illustrated in the images?
(A) A renewed push for overseas colonies as European countries competed for new sources of coal (B) The launch of European-sponsored industrialization efforts in Asian and African countries (C) A decline in Asian countries’ share of world manufacturing as Asian goods lost ground to European imports (D) The emergence of Germany as the dominant industrial power in Europe following German unification
Answer: (C)
P187-Q44. Which of the following was the key factor in the start of Latin American independence?
(A) Slave uprisings (B) Creole grievances about their lack of political authority (C) The end of the Napoleonic Wars (D) Enlightenment ideas about religious tolerance
Answer: (B)
P187-Q45. In contrast to initial industrialization, the second Industrial Revolution in the last half of the nineteenth century was particularly associated with the mass production of which of the following?
(A) Textiles, iron, and coal (B) Textiles, automobiles, and plastics (C) Airplanes, ships, and radios (D) Electricity, steel, and chemicals
Answer: (D)
P187-Q46. In nineteenth-century liberal democratic theory, a woman’s role was generally portrayed as that of
(A) the mother of citizens (B) the manager of property (C) a political participant (D) a productive worker (E) a consumer
Answer: (A)
P187-Q47. In the nineteenth century, the Ottoman and Austro-Hungarian empires were two examples of
(A) nationalistic empires (B) republican empires (C) colonial empires (D) multinational empires (E) nation-states
Answer: (D)
P187-Q48. In the nineteenth century, women’s use of bound feet (China), white face paint (Japan), and corsets (western Europe) are examples of which of the following?
(A) Practices that inhibit female activities (B) The beauty of middle-class women (C) Fashions that spread worldwide (D) The middle class’s setting the fashion for all women (E) Women’s participation in the workforce
Answer: (A)