AP World History MCQ Practice — Unit 4: Transoceanic Interconnections (1450–1750) (Part C)¶
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创建日期: 2026-03-04 最后更新: 2026-03-16
使用说明¶
- 题目数量：44 道选择题（Multiple Choice Questions）
- 建议用时：44 分钟（1 分钟/题，模拟 AP 考试节奏）
- 来源：AP Classroom Official Scoring Guide
- 答案位置：每题下方附 Answer
- 覆盖范围：Unit 4: Transoceanic Interconnections (1450–1750)
- 本部分：Part C（44 题）
P125-Q1. “In countries where there is a great scarcity of money, all other saleable goods, and even the labor of men, are given for less money than [in countries] where money is abundant. Thus we see by experience that in France (where money is scarcer than in Spain) bread, wine, cloth, and labor, are worth much less. And even in Spain, in [recent] times when money was scarcer than it is now, saleable goods and labor were given for much less.” Martín de Azpilcueta Navarro, Spanish scholar, treatise, 1556 Navarro’s economic observations expressed in the passage above are best understood in the context of which of the following?
(A) The Spanish-Portuguese colonial rivalry in the Atlantic (B) The influx of silver from the Americas into the Spanish economy (C) The practice of governments devaluing their currencies by reducing the proportion of precious metals in their coins (D) The beginning of large-scale importation of silver by China from Spanish mines in the Americas
Answer: (B)
“The Mexican city of Zacatecas is renowned for the enormous quantity of silver that has been extracted from it and continues to be extracted today. At the time of the discovery of the silver, there were many forests and woodlands in this rocky land, all of which have since vanished so that now except for some little wild palms, no other trees remain. Firewood is very expensive in the city because it is brought in carts from a distance of eighteen hours away.
The silver was discovered in the year 1540, in the following way: after the fall of the Aztec Empire, Spanish soldiers remained, spread over the entire country. Since no more towns remained to conquer and since they had so many Indian slaves, they devoted themselves to seeking riches from silver mines. One of these soldiers was Juan de Tolosa, who happened to have an Aztec among his Indian slaves. The Aztec, it is said, seeing his master so anxious to discover mines and to claim silver, told him: ‘If you so desire this substance, I will take you where you can fill your hands and satisfy your greed with it.’
The city houses at least 600 White residents, and most of them are Spaniards. There are about 800 Black slaves and mulattoes*. There are about 1,500 Indians in the work gangs who labor in all types of occupations in the mines.”
Alonso de la Mota y Escobar, Bishop of Guadalajara, Mexico, geographical treatise, 1605
*a person of mixed European and African ancestry
P125-Q2. A historian could best use the passage as evidence for which of the following?
(A) The Spanish authorities’ preference for Spanish-born rather than American-born individuals in administrative appointments (B) The resistance encountered in the process of attempting to convert the indigenous population to Christianity (C) The creation of a new political and economic elite in the immediate aftermath of the European conquest (D) The disappearance of the Amerindian population due to the spread of infectious Eurasian diseases
Answer: (C)
P126-Q3. Based on the description of the discovery of silver in Zacatecas in the second paragraph, which of the following conclusions about Mota y Escobar is best supported?
(A) He had no firsthand knowledge of Mexico. (B) He was an opponent of the practice of slavery. (C) He was critical of the motivations of the Spanish conquistadors. (D) He questioned the economic usefulness of silver mining.
Answer: (C)
P126-Q4. Based on the passage, it could be inferred that the high prices of firewood in seventeenth-century Zacatecas were a result of which of the following processes?
(A) The global decrease in average temperatures after (B) The depletion of natural resources caused by Aztec chinampa farming (C) The transfer of crops and pathogens during the Columbian Exchange (D) The introduction of European practices of resource extraction
Answer: (D)
P126-Q5. A historian researching the trans-Atlantic slave trade in the period 1600—1800 would find which of the following sources most useful for determining patterns in the points of origin, the destinations, and the numbers of slaves involved in the trade?
(A) Census and tax records of European settlers in the Americas (B) Legal regulations pertaining to enslaved and freed Africans in British colonies (C) Records of the cargoes of Spanish and British ships in the trans-Atlantic trade (D) pamphlets published by antislavery societies
Answer: (C)
Source 1 A Mughal painting depicting a Mughal official (the kneeling figure holding a piece of paper near the center of the image) and his companions meeting a group of Hindu holy men (sadhus), circa 1635 C.E. Source 2 Ms E-14, from a Moraqqa (gouache on paper), Indian School, (17th century) / Institute of Oriental Studies, St. Petersburg, Russia / Giraudon / Bridgeman Images Sayings attributed to Guru Nanak, the founder of Sikhism, circa 1500 C.E. • “Oh God, the tongue of man has given Thee numerous names; but ‘the Truth’ is Thy real name from time immemorial.” • “We human beings are neither Hindus nor Muslims; but are bodies and soul of the Supreme Being; call Him Allah, or call Him Rama.” • “Everyone is chanting: ‘Rama, Rama’; but mere repetition is no remembrance of Rama. Only when the heart of man becomes saturated with God is such remembrance fruitful.” • “Worthless is caste and worthless an exalted name; for all humankind there is but a single refuge in God.”
P127-Q6. A historian would most likely use the image in Source 1 as support for which of the following assertions?
(A) Mughal rule in India was generally supported by practitioners of Hinduism. (B) Mughal rulers were interested in portraying themselves as champions of religious harmony. (C) Mughal subjects resisted converting to Islam, despite the many benefits that doing so would confer. (D) Mughal art rejected realism and focused on allegorical and symbolic depictions of reality.
Answer: (B)
P128-Q7. All of the following have been African contributions to cultures in the Americas EXCEPT
(A) African forms of religious observance (B) African musical forms (C) knowledge of how to grow African crops (D) African folklore (E) African monetary systems
Answer: (E)
P128-Q8. In the three centuries after Columbus’ voyages, most of the people who came to the Western Hemisphere originated in which of the following regions?
(A) Southern Europe (B) Northern Europe (C) Western Africa (D) Eastern Africa (E) East Asia
Answer: (C)
P128-Q9. Most agricultural laborers in the Ottoman Empire were
(A) slaves (B) free peasants (C) serfs (D) sharecroppers (E) indentured servants
Answer: (B)
P129-Q10. The trade illustrated by the map contributed most directly to which of the following?
(A) The Glorious Revolution (B) The French Revolution (C) The Haitian Revolution (D) The Cuban Revolution
Answer: (C)
“Seeing how vile and despicable the idol was, we went outside to ask why they cared about so crude and ungainly a thing. But they, astounded at our daring, defended the honor of their god and said that he was Pachacamac, the Maker of the World, who healed their infirmities. According to what we were able to learn, the devil appeared to their priests in that hut and spoke with them, and they entered there with petitions and offerings from the entire kingdom of Atahualpa, just as Moors and Turks go to the house in Mecca. Seeing the evil of what was there and the blindness of all those people, we gathered together their leaders and enlightened them. And in the presence of all, the hut was opened and torn down and with much solemnity a tall cross was raised over the seat which for so long the devil had claimed as his own.” Miguel de Estete, Spanish mercenary soldier, account of an expedition to
P129-Q11. Which of the following long-term changes in the period circa 1550–1700 best demonstrates that the actions described by de Estete in the passage failed to fully achieve their goals?
(A) The development of a global economy based on Spanish exports of Andean silver (B) American foods becoming staple crops in Eurasia (C) The emergence of syncretic religious practices in the Americas (D) The growing Spanish dependence on coerced labor in the Americas
Answer: (C)
P130-Q12. Which of the following would be most useful in establishing the reliability of de Estete’s depiction of the events in the passage?
(A) An account by another Spanish conquistador who was also present (B) An account by an Inca who was also present (C) An account by another European of a similar event (D) An account by a Spanish official in Madrid reporting the event
Answer: (B)
“In the context of the Ottoman Empire, toleration [ensured] that, as a rule, non-Muslims would not be persecuted. No doubt, as dhimmis,* according to Islam, they were second-class citizens . . . who endured a healthy dose of daily prejudice. [Nevertheless, the Ottomans tolerated religious and ethnic difference] because it had something to contribute. That is, difference added to the empire; it did not detract from it and, therefore, it was commended. Toleration had a [beneficial] quality; maintaining peace and order was good for imperial life, diversity contributed to imperial welfare. . . .
The Ottoman Empire fared better than did its predecessors or contemporaries [in tolerating religious and ethnic difference] until the beginning of the eighteenth century, largely as a result of its understanding of difference and its resourcefulness in [administrative organization]. It maintained relative peace with its various communities and also ensured that interethnic strife would not occur.”
*Islamic law defines dhimmis as non-Muslim communities living under Muslim political rule
Karen Barkey, Turkish-American historian and sociologist, Empire of Difference: The Ottomans in Comparative Perspective, published in 2008
P130-Q13. All of the following statements about the Ottoman Empire in the period 1450–1750 are factually accurate. Which would most strongly support Barkey’s claim regarding the Ottoman state and toleration in the passage?
(A) The Ottoman army increasingly relied on the contributions of the Janissary corps, which was mostly composed of soldiers of non-Turkic origin. (B) Some Ottoman sultans such as Selim I refused to accept the legitimacy of the Safavid rulers of Persia because they were Shi‘a Muslims. (C) Some Ottoman sultans such as Suleiman the Magnificent patronized Sufi mystics, whose heterodox practices were sometimes condemned by the Sunni religious elite. (D) The Ottoman government required any cases involving a dispute between Muslims and non-Muslims to be resolved according to Islamic law.
Answer: (A)
P130-Q14. Which of the following developments in the period 1450–1750 would a historian most likely cite to support Barkey’s claim regarding the Ottoman Empire and its predecessors and contemporaries in the first sentence of the second paragraph?
(A) The recruitment of Italian and Dutch merchants and officers into the Portuguese and Spanish navies (B) The use of Hindu officials in the Mughal imperial administration (C) The establishment of racial categories of social hierarchy under the casta system in Spanish colonies in the Americas (D) The official protection granted to Protestant communities in some European states, such as France, following religious conflicts
Answer: (C)
P131-Q15. Which of the following claims that Barkey makes in the passage appears to contradict most directly her assertion in the first sentence of the first paragraph?
(A) Ottoman administration played an important role in fostering tolerance in the empire. (B) Ottoman tolerance helped maintain peace and order. (C) Non-Muslims were second-class citizens who endured prejudice. (D) The Ottoman Empire’s policies ensured that interethnic strife did not occur.
Answer: (C)
CLOVE PRICES IN SOUTHEAST ASIA AND IN AMSTERDAM, 1580–1850 (in Spanish silver reals, a common trade currency in the East Indies) Cloves are spices native to the Moluccas islands in eastern Indonesia and, until the late eighteenth century, grown only in Southeast Asia. Source: David Bulbeck, Anthony Reid, Lay Cheng Tan, and Yiqi Wu, eds. Southeast Asian Exports Since the 14th Century: Cloves, Pepper, Coffee, and Sugar, (Leiden, The Netherlands, KITLV Press), 1988. Graph 2.2., p. 57
P132-Q16. Based on the chart and your knowledge of world history, which of the following most directly enabled the Dutch to establish and enforce a monopoly on the Southeast Asian clove trade in the seventeenth century?
(A) The nutritional benefits of the Columbian Exchange (B) The development of powerful joint-stock commercial companies (C) Dutch advances in mapmaking and navigational skills (D) Advances in medicine that improved Europeans’ ability to survive tropical diseases
Answer: (B)
P133-Q17. For the period circa 1650–1790, the differences between clove prices in Southeast Asia and those in Amsterdam best support which of the following conclusions?
(A) Imperialism economically benefited those Asians who collaborated with the Europeans and harmed those Asians who resisted European control. (B) Imperialism led directly to the articulation of anticolonial ideologies based on Enlightenment principles. (C) Imperialism was undertaken mostly to prevent the expansion of rival European powers and resulted in the colonization of areas of no direct economic interest to Europeans. (D) Imperialism economically benefited European merchants and governments while leading to the economic decline or stagnation of Asian producers.
Answer: (D)
P133-Q18. On a global scale, which of the following most directly led to the expansion of the trade between Europe and Asia in the time period reflected in the chart?
(A) European merchants’ role in exporting European manufactured goods to Asia (B) The consistently high demand for European luxury goods among Chinese customers (C) The shifting balance of trade as a result of the circulation of American silver (D) The collapse of existing Indian Ocean trading networks [Testimony by the creole (European-ancestry) members of a lay religious brotherhood in the town of San Juan Peribán.]
Answer: (C)
[Testimony by the creole (European-ancestry) members of a lay religious brotherhood in the town of San Juan Peribán.] “Cristobál Bernal was elected chair of our brotherhood by a margin of only two votes. Most votes in Bernal’s favor came from mulatto and mestizo brothers. However, we, the creole brothers, elected Don Carvajal, a resident of the town and owner of the hacienda and sugar mill there. We urge you to command that only creoles should vote for the positions of chair and deputy chairs and that neither mulattoes nor mestizos can serve in those positions, and that a new election must be held for these positions.” [Response by the mulatto and mestizo brothers] “Since the brotherhood was founded, it has had the ancient custom of voting for and electing mulattoes and mestizos as deputies. And mestizos and mulattoes make up most of the membership and help the brotherhood grow. And mestizo and mulatto brothers had donated land, which earns 25 pesos rent per year for the brotherhood. And mulatto and mestizo brothers also collect alms for the brotherhood. If this brotherhood were actually two—one for creoles only and the other for mulattoes and mestizos—then the petitioners might have a case. But there is only one brotherhood in which creoles, mestizos, and mulattoes are mixed and, being members of it, they must enjoy the rights and advantages of the said brotherhood. Without question these rights should include voting and electing their own chair and deputies.” [Judge’s decision] “The election is declared valid, and Bernal is confirmed as chair.”
P134-Q19. Based on the passage and your knowledge of world history, which of the following can be inferred about the economic hierarchy in San Juan Peribán?
(A) Mulattoes and mestizos had no property rights and worked as tenant farmers on creole-owned plantations. (B) Creoles were predominantly employed in commerce and administration, whereas mulattoes and mestizos were predominantly employed in agriculture. (C) Mulatto and mestizo communities had some economic resources, but creoles were still economically dominant. (D) Creoles were being outcompeted economically by their mulatto and mestizo counterparts and were becoming impoverished as a result.
Answer: (C)
P134-Q20. The dispute described in the court case is most directly an effect of which of the following processes in colonial American societies?
(A) The economic tensions between landowning elites and landless peasants (B) The emergence of new syncretic forms of religious beliefs and rituals (C) The demographic collapse of the indigenous Amerindian population as a result of the spread of infectious disease (D) The formation of new identities as part of the restructuring of social hierarchies
Answer: (D)
P135-Q22. The existence of a sugar mill in the Mexican town in the passage indicates that the region of Mexico in which the lawsuit took place was part of which of the following?
(A) The Manila galleon trade route (B) The pre-Columbian pochteca traveling-merchant network (C) The Atlantic trade system (D) The indentured-labor migration system
Answer: (C)
“Americans today . . . who live within the Spanish system occupy a position in society no better than that of serfs destined for labor, or at best they have no more status than that of mere consumers. Yet even this status is surrounded with galling restrictions, such as being forbidden to grow European crops, . . . or to establish factories of a type the Peninsula itself does not possess. To this add the exclusive trading privileges, even in articles of prime necessity, and the barriers between American provinces, designed to prevent all exchange of trade, traffic, and understanding. In short, do you wish to know what our future held?—simply the cultivation of fields . . . cattle raising . . . hunting wild game . . . mining gold.” Simón Bolívar, Letter from Jamaica, 1815
P135-Q23. In the excerpt, Bolívar expresses which of the following?
(A) Concern about the lack of restrictions on capital investments (B) Outrage at the effects of mercantilist policies (C) Disgust with the extravagant spending of socialist governments (D) Rebellion against the restrictions of feudalism
Answer: (B)
“Americans . . . who live within the Spanish system occupy a position in society as mere consumers. Yet even this status is surrounded with galling restrictions, such as being forbidden to grow European crops, or to store products that are royal monopolies, or to establish factories of a type the Peninsula itself does not possess. To this, add the exclusive trading privileges, even in articles of prime necessity . . . in short, do you wish to know what our future held?–simply the cultivation of the fields of indigo, grain, coffee, sugarcane, cacao, and cotton; cattle raising on the broad plains; hunting wild game in the jungles; digging in the earth to mine its gold.” Simón Bolívar, “Jamaica Letter,” 1815
P135-Q24. Bolívar was describing the effects of which of the following economic policies?
(A) Feudalism (B) Mercantilism (C) Socialism (D) Capitalism
Answer: (B)
“Imagine that Chinese ships were to start importing arsenic* into England, advertising it as a harmless, foreign and fashionable luxury. Next, imagine that after a few years of arsenic being all the rage, with hundreds of thousands using it, the British government were to ban its use because of its bad effects. Finally, imagine again that, in opposition to this ban on arsenic, Chinese ships were to be positioned off the coast of England, making occasional raids on London.
Advocates of the opium-smuggling profession argue that it is immensely profitable and that supplying opium in bulk as they are doing is not immoral and it only becomes vulgar when the opium is sold in small portions, to individual users. What admirable logic with which one may shield oneself from reality, satisfied that the opium trade is nothing more than ‘supplying an important source of revenue to British companies operating in India.’
The trade may be a profitable one—it may be of importance to the Indian government, and to individuals— but to pretend that it can be defended as harmless to health and morals is to argue the impossible. Anyone who seriously thinks about the subject cannot defend what is, in itself, manifestly indefensible.”
*a poisonous substance
“Remarks on the Opium Trade,” letter to a British magazine from an anonymous English merchant in Guangzhou (Canton), China, published in 1836
P136-Q26. As described in the second paragraph, the arguments made by the supporters of the opium trade were most similar to the arguments made in the early nineteenth century by supporters of the continued use of
(A) artisanal and craft production, as opposed to the factory system (B) mercantilist trade practices, as opposed to free trade (C) African slave labor on sugar plantations in the Americas (D) women’s and children’s labor in the production of luxury goods in Chinese households
Answer: (C)
P136-Q27. A historian might argue that the trade described in the passage reflected a turning point in world history primarily because the opium trade
(A) shifted the pattern of historic European trade imbalances with China (B) marked the transition from mercantilist trade toward capitalist free trade (C) was the first time that Europeans used migrant labor to grow crops for global distribution (D) relied upon industrial techniques of production and modern consumer marketing
Answer: (A)
If any White man shall disturb or annoy any of the people or property that may belong to the said Captain Quao and his people, they may complain to a magistrate and receive justice.” Treaty between British colonial authorities and the Windward Maroons, Jamaica, 1739. The Windward Maroons were descendants of Africans brought to the Americas in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries who had fled to the mountainous regions of the island.
P137-Q28. The actions of the Maroons that forced British colonial authorities to conclude a treaty with them are best explained as evidence of reactions against which of the following global trends in the period 1450–1750 ?
(A) The persistent spread of epidemic diseases (B) The continuing impoverishment of indigenous populations resulting from agricultural transfers (C) The increase in armed conflict resulting from state rivalries over control of trade routes (D) The increasing expansion and centralization of state power
Answer: (D)
P137-Q29. The passage could best be used to explain which of the following developments in the Americas in the period 1500–1750 ?
(A) Enslaved peoples and their descendants were frequently recruited into the armies of colonial empires. (B) Some of the descendants of enslaved peoples gradually came to own large sugar plantations. (C) Some enslaved peoples won their freedom by taking legal action against plantation owners in colonial courts. (D) Enslaved peoples and their descendants used violent means to escape oppression and maintain their freedom.
Answer: (D)
P137-Q30. Article 4 of the treaty is best explained as evidence of how states in the period 1450–1750 sought to
(A) suppress resistance to their rule by co-opting local groups (B) grant military titles as a way of encouraging the loyalty of their subjects (C) provide financial incentives to minority populations to participate in local administration (D) promote intermarriage between different ethnic populations in order to reduce conflict
Answer: (A)
AGOSTINO BRUNIAS, ITALIAN PAINTER, PAINTING SHOWING FREE WOMEN OF MIXED RACIAL ANCESTRY WITH THEIR CHILDREN AND SERVANTS IN DOMINICA, A BRITISH COLONY IN THE WEST INDIES, LATE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY Free Women of Color with Their Children and Servants in a Landscape, 1770-1796 (oil on canvas) , Brunias, Agostino (1728-96) / Brooklyn Museum of Art, New York, USA / Gift of Mrs. Carll H. de Silver in memory of her husband, by exchange and gift of George S. Hellman, by exchange / Bridgeman Images
P138-Q31. Which of the following best explains why the painting was seen as a challenge to social conventions when it was painted?
(A) Women were rarely the subject of paintings in European art of the period. (B) Caribbean society was built on racial hierarchies that generally reserved elite status for people of European ancestry. (C) In most cultures of the period, children were not considered worthy of being portrayed in art until they reached adulthood. (D) Caribbean society was predominantly matriarchal, with men expected to play strictly domestic roles in the household.
Answer: (B)
P138-Q32. Which of the following most directly led to the arrival of substantial numbers of Africans in the Americas at the time of the painting?
(A) The collapse of the Inca and Aztec Empires as a result of Spanish invasion (B) The growth of industrial production in the United States (C) The expansion of the plantation system for growing sugarcane and other crops (D) The development of large-scale silver mining operations in South America
Answer: (C)
P139-Q33. Which of the following was a major change in global patterns of religious beliefs and practices in the period 1450-1750 C.E.?
(A) The emergence of syncretic religions led to an increase in polytheism. (B) Adherents of monotheistic religions such as Christianity and Islam increased both in number and in geographic scope as a result of conquest, trade, and missionary activities. (C) Intellectual movements such as the European Enlightenment weakened the authority of established religions and led to the growing popularity of atheism worldwide. (D) Messianic, revivalist, and fundamentalist movements came to dominate the indigenous religious traditions in Africa, Asia, and the Americas in response to Western imperialism.
Answer: (B)
Africa, Asia, and the Americas in response to Western imperialism. “The Muslims are not the greatest traders in Asia, though they are dispersed in almost every part of it. In Ottoman Turkey, the Christians and Jews carry on the main foreign trade, and in Persia the Armenian Christians and Indians. As to the Persians, they trade with their own countrymen, one province with another, and most of them trade with the Indians. The Armenian Christians manage alone the whole European trade [with Persia].
The abundance of the Persian silk that is exported is very well known. The Dutch import it into Europe via the Indian Ocean to the value of near six hundred thousand livres* yearly. All the Europeans who trade in Ottoman Turkey import nothing more valuable than the Persian silks, which they buy from the Armenians. The Russians import it as well.
Persia exports to the Indies [an] abundance of tobacco, all sorts of fruit, marmalade, wines, horses, ceramics, feathers, and Turkish leather of all colors, of which a great amount is exported to Russia and other European countries. The exportation of steel and iron is forbidden in the kingdom, but it is exported notwithstanding.
There are some Persian traders who have deputies in all parts of the world, as far as Sweden on the one side and China on the other side.”
*French currency unit
Jean Chardin, French jeweler and merchant, on his travels to Safavid Persia, 1686
P139-Q34. Based on the passage, in which of the following ways were Safavid Persian trading practices similar to those of other land-based Islamic empires during the seventeenth century?
(A) The participation of multiple ethnic and religious groups in interregional trade (B) The deployment of a large navy to protect trading interests in the Indian Ocean (C) The restriction of trade in luxury manufactured goods, such as silk (D) The development of an export economy focused on agricultural production
Answer: (A)
PORTUGUESE IVORY PLAQUE REPRESENTING THE CHRIST CHILD ON A SAILING SHIP, PRODUCED IN PORTUGUESE GOA, EARLY SEVENTEENTH CENTURY © The Trustees of the British Museum Goa is located on the southwestern coast of India.
P140-Q35. The implicit claim made by the image about a connection between religious devotion and maritime exploration best demonstrates which of the following in the period circa 1450–1750 ?
(A) Increasing global connections expanded the reach of existing religions. (B) Church authorities argued that religious diversity should be respected and protected. (C) The intensification of cross-cultural interactions resulted in the development of syncretic religions. (D) Religious motivations for European exploration and colonization were secondary to economic motivations.
Answer: (A)
P140-Q36. Which of the following accurately describes the effect of the spread of Christianity among most Amerindian societies after 1500 C.E.?
(A) Christianity completely supplanted Amerindian religious beliefs and practices shortly after the conquest. (B) Amerindians maintained local customs by combining indigenous beliefs with elements of Christianity. (C) Amerindians’ resistance to Christianity resulted in widespread European conversions to indigenous religions. (D) Amerindian religious beliefs and practices were respected by Europeans who considered them equal to Christian beliefs and practices.
Answer: (B)
“Let the blessings of Allah be upon Muhammad and his companions universally. In the year 1640 C.E. I wanted to behold the mystics of every sect, to hear the lofty expressions of monotheism, and to cast my eyes upon many books of mysticism. I, therefore, examined the Book of Moses, the Gospels, and the Psalms. Among the Hindus, the best of their heavenly books, which contain all the secrets of pure monotheism, are called the Upanishads. Because I do not know Sanskrit, I wanted to make an exact and literal translation of the Upanishads into Persian. For the Upanishads are a treasure of monotheism and there are few thoroughly conversant with them even among the Indians. Thereby I also wanted to make the texts accessible to Muslims. I assembled Hindu scholars and ascetics to help with the translation. Every sublime topic that I had desired or thought and had looked for and not found, I obtained from these most ancient books, the source and the fountainhead of the ocean of religious unity, in conformity with the holy Qur’an.” Persian was the primary language used at the Mughal court. Dara Shikoh, son of the Mughal ruler Shah Jahan, account of the translation of the Upanishads into Persian, 1657 C.E.
P141-Q38. Dara Shikoh’s intellectual collaborations as described in the passage are most consistent with which of the following policies of imperial states such as the Mughal Empire in the period 1450 to 1750 C.E.?
(A) Recruiting subject peoples for imperial expansion through military conscription (B) Attempting to build support for imperial rule by accommodating religious and ethnic diversity (C) Sponsoring the development of religious architecture to legitimize imperial rule (D) Attempting to enforce imperial power by requiring cultural assimilation
Answer: (B)
P141-Q39. Which of the following describes the effect of skin color, ethnicity, and former slave status in Latin America in the late nineteenth century?
(A) There was little effect for most people. (B) People of African descent were not affected, but Latin American Indians continued to suffer discrimination. (C) Marriage alliances among all classes and castes eliminated the effect of all three. (D) Large numbers of people of color migrated to the newly “Reconstructed” southern United States. (E) There continued to be discrimination on the basis of all three factors. The images below were created by indigenous artists and depict the first meeting between Moctezuma and Cortés, with Doña Marina as the interpreter.
Answer: (E)
The images below were created by indigenous artists and depict the first meeting between Moctezuma and Cortés, with Doña Marina as the interpreter.
P142-Q40. The images above best provide evidence of which of the following consequences of colonial expansion in the period 1450 to 1750 ?
(A) The extension of regional trading networks and the consolidation of centralized power (B) The spread of new food crops and the development of syncretic forms of religion (C) The restructuring of the family and the growth of the plantation economy (D) The transfer of wealth to new elites and the development of new gender roles
Answer: (D)
JEAN-BAPTISTE DU HALDE, FRENCH HISTORIAN, ENGRAVING INCLUDED IN THE DESCRIPTION OF CHINA, PUBLISHED IN PARIS, 1735 Everett Collection Inc / Alamy Stock Photo In the top panel, the engraving shows three Jesuit missionaries and scholars who served at the courts of Chinese emperors of the Ming and Qing dynasty in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. In the bottom panel, the engraving shows two Chinese Christian converts: Xu Guangxi (left) and his granddaughter, Candida Xu (right).
P143-Q41. In the context of the period 1450–1750, which of the following most likely explains why the Qing government employed the scholars shown in the image?
(A) States sought to recruit foreign experts to industrialize their economies. (B) States sought to legitimize their rule by recruiting foreigners from prestigious universities. (C) States sought to centralize their rule by including foreigners whose positions were dependent on the state to serve in the bureaucracy. (D) States sought to recruit foreigners who could help factions within the state bureaucracies solve their differences.
Answer: (C)
P143-Q42. During the period 1450 to 1750, which of the following commodities was most responsible for transforming the global economy?
(A) Salt (B) Tea (C) Opium (D) Silver
Answer: (D)
P144-Q43. Which of the following characterized economic systems in Latin America and in Southeast Asia during the sixteenth century?
(A) Both focused on porcelain manufacturing. (B) Both incorporated forced labor. (C) Both redistributed land to peasants. (D) Both produced grain for the European market. (E) Both focused on small farm-to-market agriculture.
Answer: (B)
P144-Q44. Which of the following processes contributed to the emergence of syncretic and new religions in both the Eastern and Western Hemispheres during the sixteenth century?
(A) Increases in global interactions (B) Resurgence of religious piety (C) Rejection of indigenous traditions (D) Adoption of local religions by colonizers
Answer: (A)
Image 1: MUGHAL EMPEROR JAHANGIR HOLDING A GLOBE, SOUTH ASIA, 1617 Courtesy of Sotheby’s Picture Library
Image 2: MUGHAL EMPEROR JAHANGIR HOLDING A PICTURE OF THE VIRGIN MARY, SOUTH ASIA, 1620 Jahangir holding a picture of the Madonna, inscribed in Persian: Jahangir Shah, Mughal, 1620 (detail of 57393) / National Museum of India, New Delhi, India / Bridgeman Images
P146-Q45. The portrait of Emperor Jahangir in Image 2 is best seen as evidence of which of the following?
(A) The Mughals’ toleration of different religious traditions within their state (B) Indian artisans producing artistic works for export markets (C) The increased sponsorship of artists by new economic elites (D) Jahangir’s creation of a syncretic belief system incorporating Christianity and Islam
Answer: (A)
P146-Q46. Which of the following regions was LEAST affected by the expansion of European trade networks in the period 1450 C.E. to 1750 C.E.?
(A) The Atlantic basin (B) The Mediterranean basin (C) The Indian Ocean (D) Oceania
Answer: (D)