AP World History MCQ Practice — Unit 4: Transoceanic Interconnections (1450–1750) (Part B)¶
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创建日期: 2026-03-04 最后更新: 2026-03-16
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- 题目数量：45 道选择题（Multiple Choice Questions）
- 建议用时：45 分钟（1 分钟/题，模拟 AP 考试节奏）
- 来源：AP Classroom Official Scoring Guide
- 答案位置：每题下方附 Answer
- 覆盖范围：Unit 4: Transoceanic Interconnections (1450–1750)
- 本部分：Part B（45 题）
Christianity SAILING SHIP ON THE INDIAN OCEAN CARRYING PILGRIMS TO MECCA, MINIATURE ILLUSTRATION FROM A THIRTEENTH-CENTURY ISLAMIC MANUSCRIPT Abu Zayd and Al-Harith sailing, miniature from Maqamat of al-Hariri (1054–1122), manuscript 5847, folio 119, verso, 1237, 13th century / Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris, France / De Agostini Picture Library / Bridgeman Images
P105-Q47. Muslim maritime activities in the Indian Ocean would be most disrupted by which of the following sixteenth- century developments?
(A) The voyages of Chinese treasure fleets led by Zheng He (B) The arrival of Portuguese and other Europeans (C) The spread of epidemic diseases (D) The growth of the African slave trade
Answer: (B)
A SKETCH BY JAN BRANDES, DUTCH LUTHERAN MINISTER LIVING IN JAKARTA, INDONESIA, 1784 Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam, The Netherlands / Bridgeman Images The sketch shows the artist’s son Johnny and Flora, an enslaved Indonesian household servant.
P106-Q48. The domestic labor of the enslaved woman in the sketch is most similar to the predominant form of slavery in which of the following regions?
(A) Africa (B) The Caribbean (C) Russia (D) South America
Answer: (A)
P107-Q49. Which of the following best explains a similarity between the earliest English and French voyages across the North Atlantic in the late fifteenth and sixteenth centuries?
(A) They succeeded despite receiving little support from their respective state governments. (B) They were often launched in the hopes of finding alternative sailing routes to Asia. (C) They were ended after encountering violent resistance from Portuguese and Spanish naval forces. (D) They helped convince western European monarchies to abandon mercantilist policies in favor of free- trade policies.
Answer: (B)
“The Mexican city of Zacatecas is renowned for the enormous quantity of silver that has been extracted from it and continues to be extracted today. At the time of the discovery of the silver, there were many forests and woodlands in this rocky land, all of which have since vanished so that now except for some little wild palms, no other trees remain. Firewood is very expensive in the city because it is brought in carts from a distance of eighteen hours away.
The silver was discovered in the year 1540, in the following way: after the fall of the Aztec Empire, Spanish soldiers remained, spread over the entire country. Since no more towns remained to conquer and since they had so many Indian slaves, they devoted themselves to seeking riches from silver mines. One of these soldiers was Juan de Tolosa, who happened to have an Aztec among his Indian slaves. The Aztec, it is said, seeing his master so anxious to discover mines and to claim silver, told him: ‘If you so desire this substance, I will take you where you can fill your hands and satisfy your greed with it.’
The city houses at least 600 White residents, and most of them are Spaniards. There are about 800 Black slaves and mulattoes*. There are about 1,500 Indians in the work gangs who labor in all types of occupations in the mines.”
Alonso de la Mota y Escobar, Bishop of Guadalajara, Mexico, geographical treatise, 1605
*a person of mixed European and African ancestry
P107-Q50. The economic activities described in the passage contributed most directly to which of the following?
(A) The emergence of the first truly global exchange networks (B) The beginning of the process of industrialization (C) The establishment of the first chartered and limited-liability commercial companies (D) The rapid growth of China’s population under the Song and Ming dynasties
Answer: (A)
P107-Q51. The ethnic makeup of Zacatecas, as described in the passage, can best be used as evidence of which of the following?
(A) The dependence of colonial economies on coerced labor (B) The social tensions that gave rise to the Latin American wars of independence (C) The development of indentured servitude as an alternative to slavery (D) The emergence of syncretic religious belief systems, such as Santería and Candomblé
Answer: (A)
P108-Q52. Which of the following best explains an effect of Spanish voyages across the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans in Europe in the late fifteenth and sixteenth centuries?
(A) They encouraged many governments to expand the use of coerced labor in Europe. (B) They led to the rapid spread of epidemic diseases such as smallpox. (C) They greatly increased interest in transoceanic travel and trade in other European countries. (D) They led to the introduction of new staple crops such as sugar.
Answer: (C)
P108-Q53. Which of the following was a major long-term effect of Vasco da Gama’s voyage to India in the late 1490s?
(A) It led to the integration of European merchants into the Indian Ocean economy. (B) It brought about the complete destruction of Muslim-controlled trade routes in the Indian Ocean. (C) It spurred the Mughal Empire to invest resources in becoming a major naval power. (D) It catalyzed the adoption of new European naval technology by states throughout the Indian Ocean basin.
Answer: (A)
P108-Q54. Which of the following is most likely to have influenced eighteenth-century population trends in both Europe and China?
(A) A sharp decline in average global temperatures (B) Introduction of Western Hemisphere crops (C) The rise of parliamentary governments (D) Innovation in birth control measures (E) Improvement in surgical procedures
Answer: (B)
P108-Q55. Which of the following was a major environmental effect of the European establishment of plantation agriculture in the Americas during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries?
(A) Global warming, caused by the burning of large areas of forest (B) Widespread deforestation and depletion of soil nutrients (C) Depletion of groundwater supplies caused by excessive irrigation in agricultural areas (D) Increases in the populations of major indigenous animal species
Answer: (B)
P108-Q56. Which of the following was a major motivation for European maritime expansion starting in the fifteenth century?
(A) The desire to trade directly with Africans and Asians (B) The desire to spread democracy (C) The need for suitable land to establish settler colonies (D) The need for industrial resources
Answer: (A)
World Economic Theory, 1500-1800 The world economic system that developed after 1500 featured unequal relationships between western Europe and dependent economies in other regions. Strong governments and large armies fed European dominance of world trade. Dependent economies used slave or serf labor to produce cheap foods and minerals for Europe and they imported more expensive European items in turn. Dependent regions had weak governments which made European penetration and slave systems possible.
P109-Q57. Which of the following would complicate generalizations made from this world economy theory?
(A) France’s absolute monarchy and military conquests (B) Strong governments in the slave-exporting regions of West Africa (C) The role of Dutch trading companies in Southeast Asia (D) The use of slaves and the plantation systems in the Americas (E) European import of sugar and tobacco
Answer: (B)
P109-Q58. Which of the following would illustrate an objection to this world economic theory?
(A) African imports of European guns (B) The use of serfs to produce grain for export in Poland (C) The development of manufacturing in colonial Latin America (D) Import of European art works by planters in the United States south (E) The plantation system in the Caribbean
Answer: (C)
P109-Q59. Which of the following was the most important factor in enabling the Spanish to defeat the Aztec Empire?
(A) The Spanish were able to field larger armies than the Aztecs were. (B) Spanish tolerance of Aztec religion and culture weakened Aztec resistance. (C) The Spanish were able to exploit the poverty in the Aztec Empire which caused a revolt of Aztec farmers against the Aztec ruling class. (D) The Spanish were able to form military alliances with other indigenous peoples who were enemies of the Aztecs. (E) The Spanish were able to devise effective countermeasures to the horse cavalry that formed the bulk of the Aztec army.
Answer: (D)
Aztec army. CLOVE PRICES IN SOUTHEAST ASIA AND IN AMSTERDAM, 1580–1850 (in Spanish silver reals, a common trade currency in the East Indies) Cloves are spices native to the Moluccas islands in eastern Indonesia and, until the late eighteenth century, grown only in Southeast Asia. Source: David Bulbeck, Anthony Reid, Lay Cheng Tan, and Yiqi Wu, eds. Southeast Asian Exports Since the 14th Century: Cloves, Pepper, Coffee, and Sugar, (Leiden, The Netherlands, KITLV Press), 1988. Graph 2.2., p. 57
P110-Q60. For the period circa 1580–1650, which of the following most directly caused the price fluctuations shown in the chart?
(A) The replacement of traditional landed elites by new commercial elites in many parts of Eurasia (B) The declining military power and international influence of the Mughal Empire (C) The establishment of Caribbean plantation economies based on the production of cash crops by slave labor (D) The intensification of competition among European states over the control of profitable maritime trade routes
Answer: (D)
JAPANESE FUMI-E (“STEPPING-ON PICTURE”), A TYPE OF METAL PLATE CARVED WITH CHRISTIAN IMAGERY, USED BY THE JAPANESE GOVERNMENT TO IDENTIFY SUSPECTED CHRISTIANS, CIRCA 1630 Heritage Images / Contributor Japanese authorities required suspected Japanese Christians to tread on fumi-e plates based on the belief that Christians would refuse to disrespect images of Jesus Christ and other Christian religious figures.
P111-Q61. The object shown in the image is best understood in the context of which of the following developments between 1450 and 1750 ?
(A) The introduction of Chinese religious and cultural influences in Japan (B) The fall of the Tokugawa Shogunate and restoration of direct imperial rule (C) The growth of Russian cultural influence in East Asia as a result of the Russian expansion into Siberia (D) The influence of European merchants and missionaries along Asian maritime trade routes
Answer: (D)
P111-Q62. The use of objects such as the one shown in the image best illustrates which of the following historical processes from 1450 to 1750 ?
(A) Some Asian states sought to limit foreign encroachment in their internal affairs. (B) Political leaders in Asia commissioned works of art to legitimize their rule. (C) Religious conversion by state rulers was often followed by the mass conversion of state populations. (D) The territorial expansion of Asian land-based empires limited European influence in many parts of Asia.
Answer: (A)
P112-Q63. In which of the following regions between 1450 and 1750 was Christian missionary activity met with the LEAST amount of resistance by non-European states?
(A) The Americas (B) The Middle East (C) The Indian subcontinent (D) Central Asia
Answer: (A)
Map 1: NAVIGATIONAL MAP PRODUCED BY ALBINO DE CANEPA, GENOESE MAPMAKER, 1489 ©The History Collection / Alamy Stock Photo The map shows a number of cities and places, including Genoa, Venice, Paris, the Muslim emirate of Granada, Algiers, Cairo, Jerusalem, Damascus, and several cities along the Danube River.
Map 2: WORLD MAP, PRODUCED BY HENRICUS MARTELLUS, A GERMAN CARTOGRAPHER WORKING IN FLORENCE, ITALY, EARLY 1490s ©The Picture Art Collection / Alamy Stock Photo
P114-Q64. Which of the following historical developments most strongly contributed to the mapmaker’s depiction of West Africa and the southern half of the world in Map 2 ?
(A) Portugal’s development of maritime technology and navigational skills (B) China’s naval expeditions in the Indian Ocean basin (C) The limited geographical knowledge of western European mapmakers as a result of the region's commercial isolation (D) The decline of Mediterranean powers such as Genoa and Venice and the rise of Atlantic powers such as England, France, and the Netherlands
Answer: (A)
P114-Q65. A historian would most likely use Map 1 to research which of the following developments in the period 1450–1750 ?
(A) The efforts of wealthy Renaissance patrons to encourage the fine arts and scientific research (B) The ways that European cartography drew on earlier knowledge from the Islamic world and merchant activity in the Mediterranean (C) The influence of Crusades against the Ottoman Empire on the commercial expansion of Italian city- states (D) The consolidation of the Russian Empire, its expansion into Siberia, and its challenge to imperial China
Answer: (B)
P115-Q66. Which of the following factors would contribute most to future revisions of Map 2 ?
(A) Western Europeans’ discovery of geographical scholarship from the Mongol khanates (B) The experiences of European merchants transporting Asian goods in the Indian Ocean (C) Spanish sponsorship of trans-Atlantic and trans-Pacific maritime exploration (D) Qing China’s resumption of maritime expeditions to expand its tribute system
Answer: (C)
P115-Q67. In the period 1550-1750, most of the world’s ten largest cities were located in which of the following regions?
(A) The Middle East (B) Western Europe (C) North Africa and southern Europe (D) South Asia (E) East Asia
Answer: (E)
Source 1: “[In the sixteenth through the eighteenth centuries] Europeans derived more profit from their participation in trade within Asia than they did from their Asian imports into Europe. They were able to do so ultimately only thanks to their American silver. . . . Only their American money, and not any ‘exceptional’ European ‘qualities’ permitted the Europeans [to access Asian markets]. . . . However, even with that resource and advantage, the Europeans were no more than a minor player at the Asian, indeed world, economic table [until the nineteenth century].” Andre Gunder Frank, ReOrient: Global Economy in the Asian Age, 1996 Source 2: “The societies of Europe had been at the margins of the great trading systems, but they were at the center of the global networks of exchange created during the sixteenth century because they controlled the oceangoing fleets that knit the world into a single system. Western Europe was better placed than any other region to profit from the vast flows of goods and ideas within the emerging global system of exchange. . . . [European states] were keen to exploit the commercial opportunities created within the global economic system. They did so partly by seizing the resources of the Americas and using American commodities such as silver to buy their way into the markets of southern and eastern Asia, the largest in the world.” David Christian, This Fleeting World: A Short History of Humanity, 2008
P116-Q68. The two interpretations of economic history of the early modern period differ most strongly concerning
(A) the motivations for European colonization of the Americas (B) the relative importance of Europe in the global economy (C) the significance of economic developments in Europe prior to 1500 (D) the justification for European claims of economic superiority
Answer: (B)
P116-Q69. The main arguments of the two sources are most similar in their emphasis on the
(A) importance of European-manufactured exports to Asia (B) different economic relationships that specific European states had with Asia (C) exceptional qualities of European states that enabled them to dominate the global economy (D) significance of European access to precious metals from the Americas
Answer: (D)
P116-Q70. Which of the following best explains Europe’s ability to gain a greater share of global trade in the early modern period?
(A) Easing of tensions among European states (B) Adoption and improvement of maritime technologies by Europeans (C) Europeans’ increased interest in foreign languages and cultures (D) Diffusion of European manufacturing technology and processes to Asia
Answer: (B)
POPULATION OF THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS IN THE PACIFIC, 1778–1878 * 1853: 97.5% of the population born in Hawaii ** 1878: 83.6% of the population born in Hawaii Source: Alfred W. Crosby, Germs, Seeds and Animals: Studies in Ecological History, 1994
P117-Q71. The historical trend represented by the table is most similar to which of the following?
(A) The spread of the Black Death along the Silk Roads in the fourteenth century (B) The impact of the Columbian Exchange on American populations in the sixteenth century (C) The effects of the trans-Atlantic slave trade on West African populations in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries (D) The results of the development of reliable birth control methods in the twentieth century
Answer: (B)
P117-Q72. Which of the following best explains the overall population trend shown in the table?
(A) Large-scale migration from the Pacific Islands to the Americas for plantation labor (B) Conflict between Pacific Island states (C) The spread of epidemic diseases as a result of contact with Westerners (D) The expansion of the Japanese empire in the Pacific
Answer: (C)
“Mexico is the country of inequality. Nowhere does there exist such a profound difference in the distribution of fortune, civilization, cultivation of the soil, and population. The indigenous people offer a picture of extreme misery. They are banished into the most barren districts and live only from hand to mouth. Besides them, there are the people called castas, who spring from the mixture of the races with one another. These castas constitute a mass almost as considerable as the indigenous people.
The government is suspicious of the Creoles[1] and bestows great estates exclusively on European Spaniards. Since 1789 we frequently hear the following being proudly declared, ‘I am not a Spaniard, I am an American!’ These are words that betray a long resentment. In the eye of law, every White Creole is a Spaniard, but the abuse of the laws, the bad policies of the colonial government, and the influence of the opinions of the age have loosened the bonds that formerly united more closely the Mexican Creoles to the European Spaniards.”
Alexander Von Humboldt, Prussian geographer and explorer, Political Essay on the Kingdom of New Spain, 1811
1 a reference to people of European descent who were born in the Americas
P118-Q73. All of the following contributed to the economic condition of the indigenous population of Mexico as described in the first paragraph EXCEPT
(A) the development of syncretic religious systems (B) the spread of epidemic diseases (C) the fall of indigenous states to European empires (D) the arrival of European settlers
Answer: (A)
P118-Q74. In the period 1450—1750, which of the following, produced on large plantations by slave labor, were significant commodities in the growing world market?
(A) Grains such as wheat and barley (B) Tropical fruits such as bananas and oranges (C) Animal products such as wool and beef (D) Cash crops such as sugar and tobacco
Answer: (D)
P119-Q75. The expansion of trade routes along the coast of Africa as shown on Map 2 was most directly facilitated by which of the following?
(A) Expanding Chinese influence as a result of maritime voyages under the Ming dynasty (B) Changes in fishing practices in the Indian Ocean (C) Improved ship designs and navigational technologies (D) Commercial decline in Europe as a result of the global cooling of climate known as the Little Ice Age
Answer: (C)
P120-Q76. Under the Japanese system of feudalism after 1600, the emperor served as the symbol of authority while real power was held by
(A) the crown prince (B) the shogun (C) the samurai class (D) powerful merchants (E) Shinto priests
Answer: (B)
P120-Q77. Which of the following accurately describes the function of the mit’a system in the Inca Empire?
(A) To gain tribute in the form of prisoners of war for ritual sacrifice (B) To raise a mercenary army to fight the Aztec Empire and Maya city-states (C) To compel Inca subjects to work on various state projects for a fixed term each year (D) To replace the nuclear family as the basic social unit of Inca society
Answer: (C)
P120-Q78. Which of the following changes best justifies the claim that the late 1400s mark the beginning of a new period in world history?
(A) The rise of the Aztec and Inca empires (B) The economic recovery in Afro-Eurasia after the Black Death (C) The incorporation of the Americas into a broader global network of exchange (D) The emergence of new religious movements in various parts of the world
Answer: (C)
P120-Q79. Which of the following is most likely to have influenced eighteenth-century population trends in both Europe and China?
(A) A sharp decline in average global temperatures (B) Introduction of Western Hemisphere crops (C) Innovation in birth control measures (D) Improvement in surgical procedures The images below were created by indigenous artists and depict the first meeting between Moctezuma and Cortés, with Doña Marina as the interpreter.
Answer: (B)
The images below were created by indigenous artists and depict the first meeting between Moctezuma and Cortés, with Doña Marina as the interpreter.
P121-Q80. What similar view of Doña Marina is portrayed in both images?
(A) She is portrayed as a heroine. (B) She is portrayed as a victim. (C) She is portrayed as a collaborator with the Aztec elite. (D) She is portrayed as an essential part of the negotiations.
Answer: (D)
P121-Q81. Which of the following factors best explains why the Portuguese did not engage in direct trading relations with West African states until the fifteenth century?
(A) Lack of the necessary navigational and maritime technology (B) Lack of European interest in African goods (C) A prohibition on external trade by the Islamic states of North Africa (D) Directives from the pope to limit Christian trade with Africa (E) Fear of dying from tropical diseases
Answer: (A)
P121-Q82. The agriculture and labor systems that the Portuguese developed on the Atlantic island of Madeira in the 1450s were implemented in which of the following places a century later?
(A) Nova Scotia for cod fishing (B) Falkland Islands for sheep herding (C) Hawaii for pineapple cultivation (D) Brazil for sugar production
Answer: (D)
P122-Q83. Which of the following was the most immediate effect of the Portuguese establishment of a school for navigation in the 1400s?
(A) The development of overseas trade between West Africa and Europe (B) The establishment of regular trade contacts between Europe and the Americas (C) The decline of Venetian control of the trade in Asian luxury goods (D) The establishment of direct overseas trade links between India and Europe
Answer: (A)
P122-Q84. Which of the following best explains a similar motivation behind the establishment of Portuguese trading posts in Africa and the establishment of Portuguese trading posts in Asia?
(A) The trading posts in both regions were intended to prevent economic collapse following the disintegration of powerful local empires. (B) The trading posts in both regions were intended to facilitate commercial cooperation between European states. (C) The trading posts in both regions were intended to facilitate the transfer of slaves to the Americas. (D) The trading posts in both regions were intended to allow the Portuguese to control access to heavily trafficked maritime routes.
Answer: (D)
P122-Q85. Which of the following was the most important factor in enabling the Spanish to defeat the Aztec Empire?
(A) The Spanish were able to field larger armies than the Aztecs. (B) The Spanish were able to use their understanding of Aztec culture to create effective propaganda that weakened Aztec resistance. (C) The Spanish were able to exploit discontent within the Aztec state to trigger revolt of the lower classes against the Aztec ruling class. (D) The Spanish were able to form military alliances with other indigenous peoples who were enemies of the Aztecs. (E) The Spanish were able to devise effective countermeasures to the horse cavalry that formed the bulk of the Aztec army.
Answer: (D)
P122-Q86. Which of the following resulted from the arrival of western Europeans in India and China during the time period 1450 to 1750 ?
(A) The spread of infectious diseases in India and China and a drastic drop in their populations (B) The establishment of small European enclaves in India and China (C) A massive drain of silver and gold from India and China (D) A great expansion in slave labor in India and China (E) A major disruption of the economies of India and China
Answer: (B)
P122-Q87. Which of the following was a major similarity among European colonial empires in the Americas in the period 1450-1750 ?
(A) Widespread religious tolerance and diversity (B) Encouragement of the development of industrial manufacturing in their territories (C) Enslavement of African peoples and subjugation of Amerindians (D) Settlement of millions of Europeans in each of their colonial territories
Answer: (C)
P123-Q88. Which of the following most clearly differentiates the sixteenth century from the previous period in world history?
(A) Establishment of nation-states in the Americas (B) Extension of sugar production to the Americas (C) Use of steamships (D) Interest in Asian spice trade (E) Existence of slave trade
Answer: (B)
“The Jiaqing emperor asked the governor Sun Yuting: ’Is Britain wealthy and powerful?’ Sun Yuting responded, ‘Britain is larger than other European countries and is, therefore, powerful. But its power comes from its wealth, which is derived from China. This country is allowed to trade at the port of Canton. It exchanges its goods for our tea. It then resells the tea to Europe and to its colonies in the West, thus becoming wealthy and powerful. Yet, tea is as important to the West as rhubarb is to Russia. If we put an embargo on tea exports, Britain will fall into poverty and its people into sickness. How powerful, then, could Britain possibly be compared to China?’” Sun Yuting, governor of the southern Chinese province of Guangdong, autobiographical account of his conversation with the Jiaqing emperor of the Qing dynasty, early nineteenth century
P123-Q89. Sun Yuting’s analysis of the factors that contributed to the relative economic strength of China and Great Britain best illustrates which of the following continuities from the period 1450–1750 ?
(A) The expansion of empires led to the collapse of existing trade networks. (B) The transfer of European navigational technology expanded global trade significantly. (C) The global circulation of goods was fueled by European merchants’ access to Asian markets. (D) The establishment of state monopolies in certain industries led to higher prices for luxury items.
Answer: (C)
“Wila Uma, the Inca general, addressed the Spanish [conquistadors] with the following words: ‘What are you doing to our ruler? This is how you repay his good will? Did he not command all of his people to give you tribute? Did he not give you a house filled with gold and silver? Did he not give you his servants to serve you? What more can he give you now that you have imprisoned him? All the people of this land are so distressed by your actions, because they have lost all they possess, and their distress leaves them no choice but to hang themselves or risk everything by rebelling. Thus, I believe it would be best for you to release him from this prison to lessen the grief of these people.’ . . . Manco Inca, a previous Inca ruler and father of Titu Cusi, whom the Spanish had imprisoned after conquering the Inca capital of Cuzco in 1533 Titu Cusi, ruler of a regional Inca state established after the Spanish had conquered the Inca Empire, letter to the Spanish king detailing the abuses of the Spanish during the conquest, 1570
P124-Q90. Which of the following most directly facilitated the conquest alluded to in the passage?
(A) Spanish control of the trans-Atlantic slave trade (B) Spanish advantages over native American populations in terms of technology and disease immunity (C) The completion of the reconquest of the Iberian Peninsula (D) The establishment of a cash-crop plantation economy on some of the islands in the in the Atlantic Ocean
Answer: (B)
P124-Q91. In the period after circa 1450, trade along the routes shown on the map declined in large part because of the
(A) decrease in the demand for African manufactured goods in Europe (B) collapse of European economies in the wake of the bubonic plague (C) disruption caused by the adoption of new gunpowder weapons (D) increase of maritime trade along the African coast
Answer: (D)