AP World History MCQ Practice — Unit 3: Land-Based Empires (1450–1750) (Part A)¶
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创建日期: 2026-03-04 最后更新: 2026-03-16
使用说明¶
- 题目数量：34 道选择题（Multiple Choice Questions）
- 建议用时：34 分钟（1 分钟/题，模拟 AP 考试节奏）
- 来源：AP Classroom Official Scoring Guide
- 答案位置：每题下方附 Answer
- 覆盖范围：Unit 3: Land-Based Empires (1450–1750)
- 本部分：Part A（34 题）
P48-Q1. “It is most evident that kings, queens, and other princes . . . are ordained of God, are to be obeyed and honored by their subjects; that such subjects as are disobedient or rebellious against their princes, disobey God.” An Homily Against Disobedience and Willful Rebellion, Church of England, 1570 What could most reasonably be concluded from the sermon above?
(A) The clergy generally appointed kings, queens, and princes. (B) Rulers often used religious ideas and institutions to justify their rule. (C) Rulers were most often chosen from members of the clergy. (D) The clergy believed in the separation of church and state.
Answer: (B)
P48-Q2. “The state of monarchy is the supremest thing upon earth; for kings are not only God’s lieutenants upon earth, and sit upon God’s throne, but even by God himself are called gods. In the Scriptures kings are called gods, and so their power after a certain relation compared to the divine power.” King James I, speech to Parliament, England, 1610 The passage above is best understood in the context of which of the following?
(A) European monarchs’ continued use of religion to legitimize political authority (B) The influence of Islamic political thought on Europe after the Crusades (C) The establishment of theocracies throughout Eurasia (D) The differential treatment of Protestants and Catholics in England
Answer: (A)
P49-Q3. Which of the following world history processes was most responsible for the eighteenth-century cityscape of St. Petersburg, Russia, shown above?
(A) Disease diffusion (B) World climate changes (C) Westernization (D) Democratization (E) Isolation
Answer: (C)
P50-Q4. Which of the following about Afro-Eurasian trade is supported by the map above?
(A) The states of the Middle East did not participate in the Indian Ocean trading system. (B) The Ottoman Empire was located at the intersections of major trading routes. (C) The Delhi Sultanate relied primarily on sea routes to participate in the silk trade across Asia. (D) The Islamic states of West Africa maintained close commercial ties with eastern Europe.
Answer: (B)
Source 1
A Mughal painting depicting a Mughal official (the kneeling figure holding a piece of paper near the center of the image) and his companions meeting a group of Hindu holy men (sadhus), circa 1635 C.E.
Source 2
Ms E-14, from a Moraqqa (gouache on paper), Indian School, (17th century) / Institute of Oriental Studies, St. Petersburg, Russia / Giraudon / Bridgeman Images
Sayings attributed to Guru Nanak, the founder of Sikhism, circa 1500 C.E.
• “Oh God, the tongue of man has given Thee numerous names; but ‘the Truth’ is Thy real name from time immemorial.” • “We human beings are neither Hindus nor Muslims; but are bodies and soul of the Supreme Being; call Him Allah, or call Him Rama.” • “Everyone is chanting: ‘Rama, Rama’; but mere repetition is no remembrance of Rama. Only when the heart of man becomes saturated with God is such remembrance fruitful.” • “Worthless is caste and worthless an exalted name; for all humankind there is but a single refuge in God.”
P51-Q5. Based on your knowledge of world history, which of the following factors contributed most directly to the Mughal Empire’s territorial expansion in South Asia?
(A) The Mughals’ adoption and effective use of gunpowder weapons (B) The Mughals’ adoption of Sikhism (C) The Mughals’ friendly relations with neighboring states, such as the Safavid Empire and Tibet (D) The Mughal emperors’ claims that they were directly descended from Genghis Khan
Answer: (A)
P52-Q6. Source 2 indicates that all of the following were likely factors contributing to Sikhism’s popularity in India EXCEPT:
(A) It offered a set of religious beliefs that combined elements of both Hinduism and Islam. (B) It advocated a direct and personal approach to God that paralleled Islamic beliefs. (C) It appealed to members of the lower socioeconomic strata by rejecting the rigid social hierarchy of Hinduism. (D) It offered a set of principles around which all Indians could rally in resisting British imperial encroachment
Answer: (D)
MINIATURE ILLUSTRATION INCLUDED IN A PERSIAN HISTORY OF THE MUGHAL CONQUEST OF INDIA SHOWING THE MUGHAL DEFEAT OF THE SULTAN OF DELHI AT THE BATTLE OF PANIPAT IN 1526 Archive World / Alamy Stock Photo The illustrated history was prepared for the Mughal emperor Akbar in the late sixteenth century.
P55-Q7. Which of the following best explains the process illustrated in the image?
(A) States increasingly relied on slave soldiers to establish large empires. (B) The invention of the stirrup allowed expanding states to use cavalry more effectively. (C) The development of new types of armor reduced casualties and allowed states to expand faster than before. (D) States used gunpowder weapons to establish large empires.
Answer: (D)
P55-Q8. The methods of warfare shown in the image were instrumental in explaining the territorial expansion of all of the following land-based empires EXCEPT
(A) the Safavid Empire (B) the Qing (Manchu) Empire (C) the Aztec (Mexica) Empire (D) the Ottoman Empire
Answer: (C)
P55-Q9. Which of the following explains the most common effect that the process illustrated in the image had on relationships between states in Afro-Eurasia in the period 1450–1750 ?
(A) It led to deepening rivalries and conflicts as states’ military capabilities grew. (B) It led to the emergence of new religious disputes over theological interpretations. (C) It led to the establishment of pan-Eurasian nomadic empires, such as the Mongol Empire. (D) It led to the adoption of feudal systems of government, as monarchs could not prevent the rising power of military aristocracies.
Answer: (A)
The Mughal emperor is not as wealthy as he might appear because he grants some of his lands to governors, in place of a salary, on condition that they pay a certain sum annually to the emperor out of any extra revenue that the land may yield. For his other lands, he has contractors collecting the taxes. Like the governors, they are bound to pay him an annual sum.
These governors and contractors have an almost absolute authority over the peasantry and nearly as much over the artisans and merchants. Nothing is crueler and more oppressive than the manner in which they exercise their authority.
There is no one before whom the oppressed peasant, artisan, or tradesman can pour out his just complaints. This debasing state of slavery obstructs the progress of trade and influences the manners and mode of life of every individual. There can be little encouragement to engage in commercial pursuits when success merely provokes the greed of a tyrannical official who has both the power and the desire to deprive any man of his wealth. If a man manages to obtain wealth, he would rather bury it in the ground and continue to appear poor, than risk being dispossessed by the state.” François Bernier, French traveler, letter to French finance minister Jean-Baptiste Colbert, 1670
P55-Q10. Which of the following most accurately describes Bernier’s main argument concerning Mughal administration?
(A) The Mughal government functioned more efficiently than the government of France. (B) The Mughal government discouraged reckless spending by imposing high tax rates. (C) The Mughal government’s practice of tax farming was not an effective means of promoting economic growth. (D) The Mughal government’s tolerance of large-scale imports of precious metals weakened the empire’s economy.
Answer: (C)
P56-Q11. The contractors described in the passage are an example of which of the following?
(A) Traditional elites attempting to subvert imperial authority (B) New elites recruited to generate increased revenue after imperial conquests (C) Representatives intended to make the central government more responsive to local issues (D) Professionalized military administrators who centralized land-based empires
Answer: (B)
P56-Q12. The actions of peasants, artisans, and merchants discussed in the third paragraph are an example of
(A) religious conflict in a multiethnic state (B) challenges to imperial legitimacy based on ideas of human rights (C) opportunities for upward mobility created by larger states (D) resistance against state attempts to collect revenue
Answer: (D)
P56-Q13. All the following statements about Bernier are factually accurate. Which would most increase historians’ confidence in the reliability of his account?
(A) He originally studied for a position in the Catholic Church, but then shifted to a nonreligious education. (B) He spent several years as an official at the Mughal imperial court. (C) He made extensive travels in Europe before going to India. (D) He wrote the description of Mughal administration at the request of Colbert, who founded the French East India Company.
Answer: (B)
P56-Q14. Between 1450 and 1750, empires such as the Ottoman and Chinese shared which of the following?
(A) Dependence on trade as the main basis for the economy (B) An elite fighting force made up primarily of slaves (C) The use of a large bureaucracy to support the government (D) Continual military campaigns against European armies
Answer: (C)
“The Muslims are not the greatest traders in Asia, though they are dispersed in almost every part of it. In Ottoman Turkey, the Christians and Jews carry on the main foreign trade, and in Persia the Armenian Christians and Indians. As to the Persians, they trade with their own countrymen, one province with another, and most of them trade with the Indians. The Armenian Christians manage alone the whole European trade [with Persia].
The abundance of the Persian silk that is exported is very well known. The Dutch import it into Europe via the Indian Ocean to the value of near six hundred thousand livres* yearly. All the Europeans who trade in Ottoman Turkey import nothing more valuable than the Persian silks, which they buy from the Armenians. The Russians import it as well.
Persia exports to the Indies [an] abundance of tobacco, all sorts of fruit, marmalade, wines, horses, ceramics, feathers, and Turkish leather of all colors, of which a great amount is exported to Russia and other European countries. The exportation of steel and iron is forbidden in the kingdom, but it is exported notwithstanding.
There are some Persian traders who have deputies in all parts of the world, as far as Sweden on the one side and China on the other side.”
*French currency unit
Jean Chardin, French jeweler and merchant, on his travels to Safavid Persia, 1686
P57-Q15. Which of the following most directly caused a disruption in the land-based trade of the Safavid empire during the period circa 1500–1750 ?
(A) Price inflation caused by the global spread of American silver (B) Competition between European joint-stock companies (C) Conflicts between the Shi‘a Safavids and neighboring Sunni empires (D) Widespread violence between European trading companies and Muslim empires
Answer: (C)
P57-Q16. Which of the following best describes the relationship that the Chinese and Aztec empires had with their respective peripheral states during the fifteenth century C.E.?
(A) Both empires used military force to severely limit the sovereignty of their peripheral states to their core states. (B) Both empires welcomed the diffusion of cultural traditions from their peripheral territories. (C) Both empires established tributary relationships with their peripheral states. (D) Both empires actively sought to assimilate the citizens of their peripheral states into their respective core cultures.
Answer: (C)
P57-Q17. Which of the following was an important continuity from the Ming Dynasty to the Qing dynasty in the seventeenth century?
(A) The ongoing assimilation of Manchu cultural traditions by the imperial elite (B) Maintenance of the Silk Roads to promote cultural exchanges with the Middle East (C) The use of the examination system and other Confucian bureaucratic practices (D) Financial support for maritime expeditions similar to those led by Zheng He
Answer: (C)
“[D]espite his ferocity, his military genius and his shrewd adaptation of tribal politics to his imperial purpose, Tamerlane’s* system fell apart at his death. As he himself may have grasped intuitively, it was no longer possible to. . . build a Eurasian empire on [nomadic] foundations. . . . The Ottomans, the Mamluk state in Egypt and Syria, the Muslim sultanate in northern India, and above all China were too resilient to be swept away by his lightning campaigns.
Indeed Tamerlane’s death marked in several ways the end of a long phase in global history. His empire was the last real attempt to challenge the partition of Eurasia between the states of the Far West, Islamic Middle Eurasia and Confucian East Asia. Secondly, his political experiments and ultimate failure revealed that power had begun to shift back decisively from the nomad empires to the settled states. . . . Lastly, his passing coincided with the first signs of a change in the existing pattern of long-distance trade, the [overland Silk Road route] that he had fought to control. Within a few decades after his death, the idea of a world empire ruled from Samarkand [Tamerlane’s Central Asian capital] had become [a fantasy].” *a Turko-Mongolic ruler who conquered much of Central Asia and the Middle East in the late 1300s and early 1400s. John Darwin, British historian, After Tamerlane: The Rise and Fall of Global Empires, 1400–2000, published in 2008
P58-Q18. Which of the following developments in the late fifteenth century could best be used as evidence to support Darwin’s argument in the second paragraph regarding a change in patterns of long-distance trade?
(A) The growing naval power of the Ottoman Empire in the Mediterranean (B) The discovery of maritime routes that linked Europe and Asia through the Indian Ocean (C) The naval expeditions of the Ming admiral Zheng He (D) The development of the Atlantic system that linked Europe to the Americas and Africa
Answer: (B)
P58-Q19. Which of the following most strongly contributed to the shift of power from nomadic empires to settled states that Darwin identifies in the second paragraph?
(A) The development and spread of gunpowder weapons across Eurasia (B) The development of new shipbuilding and navigational techniques (C) The spread of epidemic diseases across Eurasia, such as the Black Death (D) The increased recruitment of nomadic soldiers by large agricultural states
Answer: (A)
P58-Q20. Which of the following developments in the period 1450–1750 could best be used as evidence to modify Darwin’s argument in the first paragraph about the establishment of Eurasian empires on “nomadic foundations”?
(A) The creation of the Ottoman Empire (B) The Ming overthrow of the Yuan dynasty in China (C) The fall of the Mughal Empire (D) The establishment of the Safavid Empire
Answer: (D)
P58-Q21. Which of the following accurately describes a significant difference between the Ottoman and Mughal Empires in the early seventeenth century?
(A) The Mughals practiced religious tolerance toward non-Muslim subjects, while the Ottomans did not. (B) The Ottomans ruled over people who were predominately Muslim, while the Mughals did not. (C) The Mughals used gunpowder weapons to expand their territory, while the Ottomans did not. (D) The Ottomans made Shia Islam the official state religion, while the Mughals made Buddhism the official state religion.
Answer: (B)
JEAN-BAPTISTE DU HALDE, FRENCH HISTORIAN, ENGRAVING INCLUDED IN THE DESCRIPTION OF CHINA, PUBLISHED IN PARIS, 1735 Everett Collection Inc / Alamy Stock Photo In the top panel, the engraving shows three Jesuit missionaries and scholars who served at the courts of Chinese emperors of the Ming and Qing dynasty in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. In the bottom panel, the engraving shows two Chinese Christian converts: Xu Guangxi (left) and his granddaughter, Candida Xu (right).
P59-Q22. Which of the following developments in Europe in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries most directly helps to explain the presence of the scholars shown in the image of China?
(A) The Inquisition led to the expulsion of enemies of the Catholic Church from Europe. (B) The Protestant Reformation led the Catholic Church to seek new converts outside of Europe. (C) The wars of religion led many to question the role of religion in European society. (D) The expansion of the Ottoman Empire in Europe led many to leave their homes as refugees.
Answer: (B)
P59-Q23. The spread of new cultural ideas, such as those illustrated by the religious beliefs of Xu Guangxi and Candida Xu, most strongly encouraged some Asian governments in Eurasia in the period 1450–1750 to
(A) expand educational opportunities for the lower classes (B) limit trade and other contacts with foreigners (C) advocate for the peaceful settlement of existing religious conflicts (D) develop national joint-stock companies
Answer: (B)
P60-Q24. All of the following statements about Du Halde are factually accurate. Which would most likely lead historians to question the objectivity of his portrayal of the scholars shown in the image?
(A) He was the confessor to an important French noble. (B) He never traveled to China. (C) He based his observations of China on unpublished translations of Chinese texts. (D) He was a Jesuit and based his book on Jesuit missionary reports.
Answer: (D)
Image 1: MUGHAL EMPEROR JAHANGIR HOLDING A GLOBE, SOUTH ASIA, 1617 Courtesy of Sotheby's Picture Library
Image 2: MUGHAL EMPEROR JAHANGIR HOLDING A PICTURE OF THE VIRGIN MARY, SOUTH ASIA, 1620 Jahangir holding a picture of the Madonna, inscribed in Persian: Jahangir Shah, Mughal, 1620 (detail of 57393) / National Museum of India, New Delhi, India / Bridgeman Images
P62-Q25. The portrait of Emperor Jahangir in Image 1 was most likely a symbolic representation of which of the following?
(A) The Mughal Empire’s scientific achievements (B) The expanding power of the Mughal Empire (C) The extended travels of Emperor Jahangir to Eurasian pilgrimage sites (D) The Mughal Empire’s control of global trade networks
Answer: (B)
P62-Q26. Which of the following was the most likely purpose of the portraits of the emperor?
(A) To demonstrate the Mughal Empire’s conversion to Islam (B) To honor the continued influence of Hellenistic art forms in India (C) To represent the Mughal belief in the emperor’s divinity (D) To glorify his rule through the sponsorship of artworks
Answer: (D)
P62-Q27. From 1400 to 1750, Eurasian rulers sponsored the arts primarily for which of the following reasons?
(A) To display power and legitimize their rule (B) To spend excess money collected in taxes (C) To encourage tourism and pilgrimages (D) To increase employment opportunities for struggling artists
Answer: (A)
P63-Q28. Which of the following describes a major cause of the expansion of the Ottoman Empire in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries?
(A) The Ottoman Empire successfully pursued mercantilist economic policies. (B) Ottoman citizens unified by their recent conversion to Islam were strongly motivated to conquer. (C) Exploitation of artillery and small arms gave the Ottomans advantages over many of their political rivals. (D) The decentralized federalism of the Ottoman Empire encouraged competition and technological innovation.
Answer: (C)
WALL PAINTING FROM THE PALACE OF THE RULERS OF THE SOUTHERN INDIAN STATE OF GOLKONDA, CIRCA 1650 (c) Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford The painting shows celebrations of the wedding of the Muslim ruler of Golkonda and his Hindu bride. The newlyweds are surrounded by attendants of both religions.
P63-Q29. The particular event depicted in the painting was likely important to Golkonda rulers mostly because it
(A) could be used as a symbol of the union between the state’s ruling class and the majority of its population (B) provided a source of pride for Golkonda’s Muslim population by reminding them of the Muslim conquests of India (C) led to the decline of patriarchal social structures in the Indian subcontinent (D) illustrated the extent to which Golkonda elites relied on various forms of coerced labor
Answer: (A)
P64-Q30. Which of the following most likely describes the fate of the Golkonda state after 1650 ?
(A) It expanded to control most of India. (B) It was conquered by the Portuguese. (C) It was conquered by the Mughal Empire. (D) It was conquered by the Ottoman Empire.
Answer: (C)
P64-Q31. Which of the following contributed the most to the Ottoman Empire’s successful expansion in Europe and the Middle East in the period from 1450 to 1600 ?
(A) The Ottomans’ use of revenues from transoceanic trade to build a powerful army (B) The Ottomans’ use of nomadic tribes as cavalry troops (C) The Ottomans’ adoption of the latest gunpowder and artillery technology (D) The Ottomans’ exploitation of Muslim desire to avenge the crusades
Answer: (C)
Source 1
“People who follow Judaism should pass their lives among Christians quietly, practicing their own religion and not speaking ill of Christianity. Moreover, a Jewish person should not attempt to convert any Christian. Whoever violates this law shall be put to death and lose his property. Jewish people may maintain their synagogues, but they cannot build new synagogues without our permission. Christians may not deface synagogues or steal anything from them. Jewish people shall not be forced to attend court by Christian officials on Saturdays [the Jewish Sabbath]. All legal claims between Christians and the Jewish community shall be decided by our royal judges and a Christian is forbidden from arresting or harming Jewish people or seizing their property. Christians may not use force to convert a Jewish person to Christianity, though Christians should use the Holy Scriptures and kind words. Jewish people, however, should not attempt to interfere with a member of their community converting to Christianity of their own will. Any Christian, however, who converts to Judaism shall be put to death as a heretic.”
Law code issued by Alfonso X, king of the Christian Spanish kingdom of Castile, circa 1265
Source 2
“King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella, by the grace of God, King and Queen of Spain, greetings. We learned that some wicked Christians in our kingdom adopted Jewish religious practices and cultural customs and apostatized from our holy Catholic faith because these Christians interacted with Jewish people. Therefore, we, with the counsel and advice of the clergy, noblemen, and other persons of learning and wisdom in our kingdom, order the Jewish community to depart and never to return. And we forbid any person or persons in our kingdom to receive, protect, or defend any Jewish person under pain of losing all their possessions, vassals, fortified places, and whatever financial grants they hold from us.”
Royal decree issued by King Ferdinand II and Queen Isabella of Spain, 1492
P65-Q32. The two passages best illustrate which of the following continuities in world history?
(A) While some states sought to impose religious uniformity on their populations, others embraced religious syncretism. (B) While some states used religion to legitimize their power, others used military or bureaucratic means. (C) While some states were willing to tolerate diversity within their territories, others suppressed diversity. (D) While some states allowed for numerous official religions, others recognized only one official religion.
Answer: (C)
P65-Q33. The attitude toward religious practice expressed in Source 2 was most directly apparent in which of the following Spanish policies in the Americas in the period circa 1500–1750 ?
(A) The establishment of the casta system (B) The state sponsorship of Jesuit missions to native populations (C) The use of the encomienda system (D) The development of Candomblé and Voudun among African slave populations
Answer: (B)
P66-Q34. Which of the following states in the period 1450–1750 adopted a religious policy that was most different from the religious policy expressed in Source 2 ?
(A) The Mughal Empire under Akbar (B) The Safavid Empire under Shah Ismail I (C) The Ottoman Empire (D) The Tokugawa Shogunate
Answer: (A)
“Many [Ottoman] Sunni religious scholars have labeled the Sufi whirling rituals as ‘dancing,’ and have pronounced them forbidden, branding those who approve of them as infidels. The Sufis counter that these rituals are not dancing, arguing instead that they enliven the soul through a combination of music and movement, which, they say, allows them to focus on the spiritual aspects of religion. The common people flock to the Sufis, giving them offerings and gifts. Since their whirling rituals play a big part in their popularity, they will not abandon these practices anytime soon. The Sunni scholars have written many tracts and opinions against them . . . and this tug-of-war between the two parties has brought them into a vicious circle.” religious observances practiced by some Sufis in the Ottoman Empire Katip Çelebi, Ottoman official, The Balance of Truth, philosophical and scientific treatise, 1656
P66-Q35. Which of the following most directly strengthened Sunni religious scholars’ role as official interpreters of Islamic doctrine within the Ottoman Empire, as suggested by the passage?
(A) The establishment of the Mughal Empire in India (B) The Ottoman conquest of Constantinople (C) Ottoman sultans’ extensive conquests in Europe (D) The Ottoman Empire’s rivalry with the Safavid Empire
Answer: (D)
P66-Q36. Outside of the Ottoman Empire, Sufis contributed most directly to which of the following during the period before 1750?
(A) Scientific exchanges between the Muslim world and the rest of Afro-Eurasia (B) The establishment of Arabic as the language of philosophy and theology in the Muslim world (C) The spread of Islam to new locations on the margins of the Muslim world, such as southeast Asia (D) The introduction of new practices for recruiting and training slave soldiers in Muslim states, such as the Mughal Empire
Answer: (C)